Romantic Love as a Dyadic Cultural Script

Academic definitions of romantic love portray it as a single, universal construct experienced identically by both sexes. This unitary framing is a serious misrepresentation. It erases the distinctly feudal dynamic that has always defined the tradition, bleaching its asymmetrical structure into a feel-good myth of mutual (read identical) behaviors, emotions and reciprocity.

In reality, romantic love is a dyadic cultural script – a single overarching construct built from two distinct, complementary roles. Unlike other forms of love such as eros (sexual desire), agape (charity/compassion), storge (bonded/familial affection), companionate love (pairbonding), philia (friendship), and pragma (pragmatic, material gestures of care) — each of which operates as a single construct enacted similarly by either sex — romantic love requires not one, but two separate sets of roles, each governing the expectations, behaviors, and moral obligations of one sex.

On the male side stands romantic chivalry: the active performance of proving oneself by service, protection, provision, and devotional elevation of the woman. This is the vassal’s role – deferential, sacrificial, and oriented toward earning favour.

On the female side stands romantic ennobling: the active claiming and performance of elevated, aristocratic status within the romantic dyad. She embraces and reinforces her position as the “Dame” or “midons” (my lord) – the ennobled figure who receives devotion while occupying the superior, sovereign place in the hierarchy. This is the lordly role transposed into the feminine — a role that persists today in the widespread feminist emphasis on women’s “status,” “esteem,” “worth,” “dignity,” and “respect” in heterosexual relationships, terms once reserved exclusively for nobles.

These two roles are not symmetrical. They are deliberately complementary in the feudal sense: his chivalric service is meaningful only because she performs and expects ennoblement. Together they form the complete script that Western romantic love has inherited from medieval courtly tradition, where the lady was addressed with masculine titles of lordship precisely to signal her exalted position.

Recognising romantic love as a dyadic construct rather than a unitary one restores analytical clarity. It explains why the experience, the expectations, and the moral economy differ so sharply between the sexes — a difference that the prevailing academic narrative works hard to obscure. Romantic love is not a gender-neutral emotion. It is a structured cultural system with two interlocking parts, each carrying its own distinct imperatives.

Romantic Love vs. Sexual Urge: Ending the Evopsych Conflation

Since its invention in medieval Europe, the concept of romantic love has referred to a specific cultural template: a feudal-inspired dyad in which the man acts as a devoted servant (embodied in chivalry) and the woman is elevated to a pedestal traditionally reserved for a feudal lord. This structural relationship, adapted from feudal society and applied to intimate bonds, became the defining framework for romantic love. It spread globally and remains symbolically potent today—for instance, in the common image of a man kneeling on one knee to propose marriage, an act that implies the same roles between men and women even when not literally performed.

This core template—the feudal structure itself—is what distinguishes romantic love from other forms of affection. Over time, however, it has undergone what might be called category creep through its increasing association with two related but distinct elements:

1. The freedom to choose one’s love partner.
2. Sexual desire and activity.

Importantly, the sexual component was not inherent or necessary to the original model.

Courtly love (amour courtois), the direct precursor to what we call romantic love, was frequently and even ideally Platonic in nature. Troubadour poetry and chivalric literature often celebrated an elevated, non-physical devotion in which the man’s service and the woman’s pedestal remained pure; consummation was neither required nor always desired. Sex sometimes occurred as an additional element, but its presence or absence did not define the romantic construct. This historical reality demonstrates conclusively that sexual activity is merely an adjunct—something that may accompany the template but is not identical to it.

Because sexual desire is clearly an evolved human behavior, its frequent close proximity to the romantic template has encouraged academics and lay observers alike to interpret the entire phenomenon—including the cultural feudal template—as a biological universal rather than a historically specific construct. The result is a form of misplaced adaptationism: the assumption that because one component is innate, the whole package must be as well.

A Foundational Study and Its Limitations

A widely cited 1992 paper by William Jankowiak and Edward Fischer examined evidence of “romantic love” across 166 cultures and reported its presence in 147. Their criteria focused on generic features such as personal anguish and longing, love songs or folklore, elopements based on affection, and ethnographers’ reports. However, this definition notably omitted the feudal template—the man-as-vassal, woman-as-lord dynamic—that formed the heart of the European romantic love construct. Without that central element, what they described aligns more closely with broader passionate or pair-bonding experiences found across human societies than with romantic love in its historically specific sense.

Jankowiak and Fischer later acknowledged this distinction. In subsequent work and communications, they shifted to the more accurate term “passionate love” for their construct, recognizing that the original European romantic model was a unique cultural development that later spread worldwide, and that they had made a serious error to employ the phrase “romantic love” in their study. Their willingness to refine the terminology reflects intellectual honesty and humility.

Uncritical Reliance in Evolutionary Psychology

Despite these clarifications, some scholars continue to rely on the earlier framing. Steve Stewart-Williams, in his otherwise insightful book The Ape That Understood the Universe, relies on the Jankowiak and Fischer findings to make his conclusion without fully addressing the missing feudal component. He writes:

“And why, as far as we can tell, is romantic love found in all cultures? That’s right; contrary to stubborn anthropological myth, people everywhere fall in love. One line of evidence for this claim comes from the anthropologists William Jankowiak and Edward Fischer, who scoured the anthropological research on 166 historically independent cultures, noting down any evidence of romantic love that they came across: romantic poetry, elopement, all the usual symptoms. Their conclusion? Romantic love was unambiguously present in around 89 percent of cultures…

The question all these findings raise is a straightforward one: If romantic love is an invention of Western culture, why is it found in every geographical region, historical period, and ethnic group? The simplest and most plausible answer is that romantic love is not an invention of Western culture. Instead, the idea that romantic love is an invention of Western culture is itself an invention of Western culture, and a rather implausible one at that. Human beings were falling in and out of love for hundreds of thousands of years before we ever had Hollywood blockbusters or knights in shining armor. We’re just that kind of animal – the kind that falls in love from time to time.”

This passage illustrates a category error and equivocation that weakens the analysis. By folding evolved sexual urges (eros) together with the culturally constructed feudal template under the single label “romantic love,” the argument treats a composite as purely biological. The feudal metaphor—man in service to an elevated beloved—is not a universal biological reflex; it is a medieval European innovation that has since globalized. Conflating it with sexual desire risks overlooking the genuine cultural novelty involved and perpetuates imprecise scholarship.

That said, Stewart-Williams usefully distinguishes “romantic love” from “companionate love,” the steadier form of attachment that often follows the intense early phase and supports long-term pair-bonding. As he notes:

“But the end of the crazy, can’t-keep-your-hands-off-each-other phase doesn’t necessarily herald the end of love. Sometimes romantic love matures into a distinct form of love, which psychologists call companionate love. … Companionate love is a less exhilarating form of love than romantic love, but in many ways, it’s more real. With romantic love, or at least early-stage romantic love, we often don’t really know the person we fall in love with.”

This differentiation is valuable, though the broader point remains: precise definitions matter. Romantic love, properly understood as the feudal template adapted to intimate relations, is a cultural achievement with a clear historical origin—not a timeless biological given. Sloppy handling of these distinctions in academic work, even by otherwise capable researchers, perpetuates confusion and overgeneralization. Clearer categorization allows us to appreciate both the evolved foundations of human attachment and the culturally inventive ways societies have shaped them.

References

Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992). A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology, 31(2), 149-155.

Stewart-Williams, S. (2018). The Ape That Understood the Universe: How the Mind and Culture Evolve. Cambridge University Press.

Gynocentrism: Discourses of Female Supremacy in The Woman King

The following 2025 study of ‘The Woman King’ reveals the growth of gynocentrism & gamma bias in modern cinematic productions: Aris, Q., & Syam, E. (2025). Gynocentrism: Female Superiority Propaganda in The Woman King. Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies14(2), 191-198.

Manosphere Archetypes of Gynocentric Thinking

A recent poll conducted on X.com assessed the prevalence of gynocentric attitudes in the manosphere, which typically takes the form of one of these approaches:

1. Obsessing over what makes women tick.
2. Fixating on securing sex with women via “game.”
3. Self-improving primarily to attract or please women.
4. Excusing women from accountability as appealing to their “nature.”
5. Promoting a parent–child dynamic: women framed as childish dependents needing male protection, pampering, provision, and discipline.
6. Relentlessly cataloguing and broadcasting women’s worst behaviour.
7. Inventing evolutionary-psychology narratives about hypergamy, female vulnerability, female gatekeeping, or reproductive superiority.
8. Being consumed by either rejecting women, or being rejected by them.
9. Framing all male–female relations through a quasi-BDSM lens casting women as the dominatrix and ultimate gatekeeper of sex, validation, and the terms of the relationship.
10. Any combination of the above.

The poll asked this question, “What percentage of men in the manosphere are primarily gynocentric in their focus?”

RESULTS:

 

Romantic love promotes fertility collapse – Alan Macarlane (1986)

The following excerpt from Marriage and love in England : modes of reproduction, 1300-1840, by Alan Macfarlane, describes how romantic love leads to disintegration of the extended family and promotes lowered fertility among those who practice it. 

Romantic Love

In contrast to most other recorded societies, it has been noted that Americans do ‘not merely build their households on the husband–wife relationship, but build their whole value system and morality on it’. Whereas in industrial Western societies the emotional relationship between man and wife is primary, it is not the pivot of social structure in the majority of societies.¹ As we have noted, the relationships that are most important are often those between parents and children, with the marital bond as a poor second. ‘In Eastern countries with their ancient civilization there exists even now comparatively little of that tenderness towards the woman which is the principal charm of our own family life,’ wrote Westermarck.²

The transition from a situation where the marital relationship is subordinated to others, to the prevalent Western view of it as the deepest and most enduring relationship of life, brings numerous consequences, changing the nature of marriage and women’s and men’s roles. One consequence is the demographic one. The substitution of the husband–wife relationship for wider kinship links and parent–child ties, decreases the pressure to have children. The couple are sufficient to each other: children become a luxury, not a necessity. Effective contraception makes it possible to choose whether to indulge in a few or many. Hence the strengthening of the husband–wife bond is part of that emotional and economic nucleation which certain demographers like Caldwell see as leading to a state of affairs propitious for the demographic transition to lowered fertility.³ 

¹ Bohannan, Social Anthropology, 99; Goode, World Revolution, 14, 89.
² Westermarck, Marriage, ii, 24ff; ii, 28.
³ Caldwell, ‘Restatement’, 354.

The conflict of love and honor, by J. M. Ferrante

“The legend of Tristan and Isolde, posing the basic human conflict between an overpowering passion and the demands of morality and honor, offered a rich fund of material for medieval writers. They told the story in various forms for various reasons. Some condemned the love, others exalted it. For one, Tristan is a great hero, destroyed by a passion he cannot control; for another he is an artist inspired by a love that is mostly pain; for another, a knight caught between his love and loyalty to an unworthy king…

The conflict arises because Tristan’s love for Isolt is not just an ennobling inspiration, it is also a physical passion that demands fulfilment and destroys prudence. Love, which should guide the knight in the right direction, instead gets in his way. This presents a crucial paradox: without honor in the world a man cannot be a perfect lover, but without love a man is not a complete knight.

Why does this paradox exist? Because love between man and woman cannot be a purely spiritual phenomenon; there is always the danger of the physical impulse asserting itself and taking control. Then love, for all its ennobling powers, becomes an anti-social force. The only way out of the dilemma is death, so instead of a moral comedy, we have a romantic tragedy.”

Romantic Love: The Ritual Surrender of a Man’s Honor

In the tradition of chivalric love, a man was required to prove the depth of his devotion to a woman by trashing his honor, his values, and his wider sense of self—at her command.

This is the essence of the romantic tradition. Not a perversion of it, but its core. To demonstrate that his love was genuine, a man had to show he would be utterly shameless in his sycophancy toward her: sacrificing his reputation, his principles, his duties to kin and king, his dignity, and his standing in the world. Joseph Campbell captured the brutal demand: when the heart is completely taken by this image of love, nothing else counts—and the ultimate test of an infatuated heart became the willing surrender of honor itself.

From Tristan’s self-destruction to Lancelot’s groveling obedience, the tradition celebrated men who chose dishonor over dignity, preferring “thirty shames” to a single honor if it pleased her. What Western romance has always asked of men is not elevation, but this precise form of shameless, self-abasing surrender.

Below are a series of excerpts showing that this tradition requires a man to sacrifice his values and honor in order to prove his love for a woman. This factor has been central to the history of romantic love, and remains so today. As stated by Joseph Campbell, the tragic tension between love and honor has remained unresolved in the West to the present.

Joseph Campbell Quotes:

“When the heart is completely taken by this image of love, nothing else counts; and in the courtly tradition, nothing else counted. Amour. And what is the principal threat? Honor. So you find in these traditions of the Middle Ages this conflict between honor and love. The ultimate sacrifice for a noble heart is the sacrifice of honor for love. So that’s the theme that we’re up against here.” [Transformations of Myth Through Time – 1988]

“This we now must recognize as posing a profound problem—the problem, I should say; that from the period of the early Tristan poets, when it first seriously emerged in our literature in terms of the tragic tension between minne and ere, love and honor, that has remained unresolved in the West to the present.”  [Creative Mythology – 1968]

“For it was in the legend of the Holy Grail that the healing work was symbolized through which the world torn between honor and love, as represented in the Tristan legend, was to be cured of its irresolution.   [Myths To Live By – 1972]

“In the Tristan romance King Mark is of course in the role of the jealous spouse; and his royal estate, with its elegant princely court, stands for the values of the day:  world-history, society, knightly honor, deeds, career and fame, chivalry and friendship—in absolute opposition to the grotto of the timeless goddess Minne (romantic love).” [Creative Mythology – 1968]

“In Gottfried’s poem, tragedy follows the inability of the characters to reconcile love (minne), on one hand, and honor (ere), on the other. Gottfried himself and his century were torn between the two.  The Love Grotto in the dangerous forest represents the dimension of the depth experience and King Mark’s court, the world in which that experience has to be borne.” [Flight Of the Wild Gander – 1969]

“The second work by Chrétien—you can see he was writing for Marie—was Erec. It’s a wonderful story of a young knight who has had great fame and then falls in love. Now this is a modern as well as an ancient theme. His career is wrecked by his devotion to his love. This is the theme, honor or love. His honor is wrecked. He is no longer winning the battles, and when he realizes this, he becomes rejective of her. This is the normal thing for today, you know: you marry at twenty-two and divorce at twenty eight to recover. So he pushes her aside and then goes forth to win back his fame. She trots along behind him—she’s right there all the time—and then finally her loyalty to him, in her rejection, solves the whole problem.” [Transformations of Myth Through Time – 1988]

 

Books and Studies:

“The legend of Tristan and Isolde, posing the basic human conflict between an overpowering passion and the demands of morality and honor, offered a rich fund of material for medieval writers. They told the story in various forms for various reasons. Some condemned the love, others exalted it. For one, Tristan is a great hero, destroyed by a passion he cannot control; for another he is an artist inspired by a love that is mostly pain; for another, a knight caught between his love and loyalty to an unworthy king…

The conflict arises because Tristan’s love for Isolt is not just an ennobling inspiration, it is also a physical passion that demands fulfilment and destroys prudence. Love, which should guide the knight in the right direction, instead gets in his way. This presents a crucial paradox: without honor in the world a man cannot be a perfect lover, but without love a man is not a complete knight.

Why does this paradox exist? Because love between man and woman cannot be a purely spiritual phenomenon; there is always the danger of the physical impulse asserting itself and taking control. Then love, for all its ennobling powers, becomes an anti-social force. The only way out of the dilemma is death, so instead of a moral comedy, we have a romantic tragedy.”

 

For her sake he prefers dishonor rather than honor;  “I prefer thirty dishonors to an honor if it takes her from me: for I am a man of such nature that I wish no honor but her benefit.” ~  Provençal troubadour Peire Vidal

Launcelot’s submission does not cease when he is accepted by Guinevere. He continues to obey every whim of his mistress, no matter what it may cost him. Most precious to a knight was his honor. We have seen how Launcelot sacrificed this to obtain the Queen’s good graces. He continues to love dishonor rather than honor, when she wills it.

Perceived Oppression Through Gynocentric Privilege Loss Theory

By Alex Sharpe

When a group is culturally centered and treated as morally primary, that position becomes invisible and is experienced as normal rather than privileged. Over time, this creates entitlement without conscious intent. When equality or accountability is introduced, it is perceived not as balance but as loss. Because loss is processed emotionally before it is processed rationally, the response is framed as harm. This harm is then moralized and expressed as oppression. In cultures where gynocentrism is the moral baseline, feminism functions not as a corrective to oppression, but as a narcissistic defense system that protects perceived entitlement by converting loss of special status into victimhood.

Gynocentrism, Narcissistic Injury, and the Illusion of Oppression

One of the most persistent claims in modern discourse is that women are systemically oppressed by men. This claim is treated as self-evident, morally unquestionable, and foundational to feminism. Yet when examined empirically, the claim repeatedly fails to hold up. Legal systems, social norms, education, healthcare, and public sympathy overwhelmingly favor women in most modern Western societies. This raises an obvious question. If men are not empirically oppressing women, why does feminism experience equality and accountability as oppression?

The answer does not lie in policy or statistics. It lies in psychology.

Gynocentrism is not an ideology in the way feminism is an ideology. It is a cultural orientation. It places women at the moral center of society, treats their needs as inherently more urgent, and frames their suffering as uniquely meaningful. Because this orientation is ambient and inherited, it is not experienced as privilege. It is experienced as reality itself. What is centered feels neutral. What is favored feels deserved.

When a group grows accustomed to being morally prioritized, that prioritization becomes part of identity. Expectations form around it. Deference is assumed. Protection is automatic. Accountability is softened or externalized. This is not because individuals are malicious, but because systems train perception long before conscious thought occurs.

When equality is introduced into such a system, it does not feel like fairness. It feels like loss. Psychological research consistently shows that human beings experience loss more intensely than gain. Loss triggers threat responses. Threat responses seek moral justification. The mind then reframes loss as harm, and harm as injustice.

This is where narcissistic pathology enters the picture.

Narcissism, at its core, is not vanity. It is entitlement fused with fragility. It is the inability to tolerate loss of special status without reframing oneself as a victim. When boundaries are enforced, they are perceived as abuse. When standards are applied evenly, they are perceived as punishment. When attention is shared, it is perceived as erasure.

Cultural gynocentrism creates the perfect conditions for this pathology to operate at scale. Because women are culturally framed as victims by default, any reduction in privilege can be interpreted as renewed oppression. Because men are framed as moral agents rather than moral patients, male suffering is minimized or ignored. Because the system already presumes male guilt and female innocence, evidence becomes secondary to narrative.

Feminism, in this context, functions less as a liberation movement and more as a psychological defense structure. It protects entitlement by moralizing discomfort. It converts equality into aggression. It reframes accountability as misogyny. It does not need to prove oppression empirically, because oppression is felt emotionally, and feeling is treated as proof.

This explains several otherwise puzzling features of feminist discourse. It explains why contradictory claims coexist without friction. It explains why data is dismissed as irrelevant or hostile. It explains why male suffering is either denied or reframed as deserved. Most importantly, it explains why any challenge to feminist narratives is met not with debate, but with moral outrage.

The outrage is not strategic. It is defensive.

When a system is built around moral asymmetry, symmetry feels violent. When one group has been protected from responsibility, responsibility feels cruel. When privilege has been mistaken for a right, losing it feels like theft.

This is why feminism often reacts to egalitarian arguments as though they are attacks. It is not responding to the content of the argument. It is responding to a perceived existential threat to status and identity. In that sense, feminism mirrors the very structures it claims to oppose. It maintains power not through force, but through moral framing. It preserves dominance not by argument, but by redefining resistance as harm.

Understanding this does not require hostility or moral condemnation. It requires clarity.

If gynocentrism is the cultural baseline, then feminism is not correcting oppression. It is protecting a centered position from being equalized. The resulting narrative of victimhood is not evidence of injustice. It is evidence of narcissistic injury triggered by the loss of unearned moral priority.

Once this mechanism is seen clearly, much of the modern gender debate stops being confusing. The contradictions resolve. The emotional intensity makes sense. The refusal to engage evidence becomes predictable.

What remains is not a mystery of power, but a problem of perception.

_________________________________________________

**This guest post submitted by Alex Sharpe, who goes by the moniker shadowclaw87 on X.com

 

Comparison of evolutionary psychology with other, biology-based disciples

Tables below show inverse relationship between empirical fact and speculation: The fields studying basic mechanisms accumulate far greater number of confirmed facts with few hypotheses, while higher-level behavioral fields like evolutionary psychology rely on numerous speculative explanations for relatively fewer established facts.

Big Picture Comparison

Approximate Number of Confirmed Facts

Field Approx. Confirmed Facts
Evolutionary Psychology ~50–200 (hundred)
Evolutionary Biology ~5–20 thousand
Genetics ~50–500 thousand
Molecular Biology ~500 thousand–2 million
Cell Biology ~1–5 million

Approximate Number of Major Speculative Hypotheses

Discipline Approx. Speculative Hypotheses
Evolutionary Psychology 200–500+
Evolutionary Biology ~10–20
Genetics ~10–15
Molecular Biology ~5–10
Cell Biology ~3–5

*Approximate numbers confirmed by Chat GPT, Grok, and Claude.

International Men’s Day: R.S.V.P (published by Thomas Oaster – 1992)

International Men’s Day: R.S.V.P (1992 book published by Thomas Oaster).

JPG version below:

PDF version below: