The Manomyth: A Hero’s Journey for Men

By Peter Wright & Paul Elam

The idea that the red-pill journey mirrors Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey has surfaced repeatedly in our discussions, and in this article we explore that connection in depth. Campbell’s book The Hero with a Thousand Faces offers an exhaustive analysis of mythologies, legends, and folklore from around the world, revealing a patterned story of transformation and transcendence that we think closely mirrors the red pill journey, particularly for non-gynocentric red pill men.

The idea of applying the monomyth to men’s lives did not begin with the modern men’s movement, and it certainly did not begin with what later became known as the red pill. In many ways, that work was already underway in the Mythopoetic Men’s Movement of the 1980’s and 90’s, especially in the orbit of Robert Bly.

Bly and others drew heavily from Jungian theory, archetypal psychology, folklore, myth, ritual, and the work of Joseph Campbell to describe the masculine journey. They understood that men were not merely political or economic actors, but mythic beings as well – men shaped by initiation, exile, confrontation, ordeal, shadow, father hunger, and the need to recover something essential inside themselves.

That was the strength of the mythopoetic project.

It recognized that men need more than policy arguments, relationship advice, or economic opportunity. Men need a story that explains their suffering and gives structure to their transformation. They need a map.

That need is especially urgent because modern male distress is often treated as a scattering of unrelated symptoms rather than as a crisis of identity and self-respect. Family dysfunction, substance abuse, suicide, violence, anxiety, depression, shame, and self-hatred do not arise from a single cause, and it can be difficult to separate cause from symptom. Dysfunction may feed addiction, addiction may deepen dysfunction, hostility may destroy communication, and failed communication may intensify hostility. But beneath many of these interacting problems sits a neglected question: what kind of man does a man believe he is permitted to become?

Men may need direct assistance with particular problems, but they are also living through a famine of functional archetypes. Treating the visible injury while ignoring that deficit is often little more than placing a bandage over a potentially mortal wound. A man cannot build a coherent life from techniques alone. He needs an intelligible story of himself, a set of models he can examine, accept, reject, revise, and ultimately make his own.

But the weakness of Bly and his ilk was that they too often left that map suspended in ancient history, poetry, drums, woods, kings, warriors, shamans, and symbolic fathers. They could speak powerfully about Iron John, initiation, the wild man, and the archetypal masculine, but they rarely brought that framework down to the ground where modern men were actually bleeding. This, we think, explains in part why the movement fizzled out by the turn of the century.

The older masculine archetypes supplied that kind of orientation. Hero, Ruler, Warrior, Creator, Sage, Rebel, and Explorer gave men images of what they might choose or be driven to become, along with warnings about what they might become in failure or corruption. These figures were not merely literary decorations. They were anthropomorphic projections of the male experience – external forms for internal realities of duty, ambition, sacrifice, danger, mastery, rebellion, creation, and discovery.

The word archetype itself joins the Greek roots archein, meaning original or old, and typos, meaning model or type: an original model. Mythology told the truth of human life in symbolic form because its figures were already alive in the human imagination. Epic battles, great journeys, tragedies, betrayals, and triumphs reflected the inner and outer experiences of actual men. The myths endured because men recognized themselves inside them.

Modern sexual politics has not erased archetypal thinking. It has narrowed and weaponized it. Men are increasingly cast as the Villain by default while still being ordered to become the Hero whenever protection, provision, sacrifice, or endurance is required. The old obligations remain, but the honor, appreciation, respect, and status that once accompanied them have steadily disappeared. What remains is expectation without reward, burden without honor, and service without self.

In Bly’s mythopoetic tradition there was little serious engagement with family courts, divorce incentives, false allegations, paternal alienation, educational discrimination, male disposability, romantic exploitation, gynocentric institutions, or the cultural machinery that trains men to measure their worth by service to women and the state.

The result was that the Mythopoetic Hero’s Journey remained largely symbolic. It helped some men feel that their pain belonged to something ancient, but it did not fully show them how that journey played out in the legal, relational, institutional, and psychological realities of their own time. It gave them mythic language, but not enough practical confrontation with the systems and narratives shaping their lives.

The Manomyth therefore cannot be a nostalgic attempt to return men to an earlier script. The older models contained wisdom, but biology, technology, law, and ideology have changed the conditions under which those models operate. Men can no longer safely allow instinct and inherited expectation to write the whole story for them. The provider and protector impulses that once anchored a man in reciprocal obligations can now make him unusually easy to manipulate, exploit, and discard.

What is needed is a consciously constructed mythology: not fantasy, but a more accurate narrative through which a man can understand the forces acting upon him and decide which roles he will inhabit. The object is not to abolish service, sacrifice, loyalty, or love. It is to move them from compulsion to choice, from unconscious performance to deliberate expression.

That is where The Manomyth begins.

Joseph Campbell’s monomyth, the Hero’s Journey, distills thousands of years of storytelling across multiple cultures into a universal pattern of transformation. It contains three main phases: Departure, where the hero is pulled from the ordinary world; Initiation, where the road of trials tests and forges him; and Return, where he integrates hard-won wisdom back into life, now lived on his own terms.

In what we will be calling The Manomyth, this cycle is brought out of the mythopoetic woods and into the modern male condition. It maps a man’s awakening from the strictures of a controlled, gynocentric society — where his value is measured by utility to women and the state — through trials of marginalization, disillusionment, self-discovery, and ultimately the forging of an authentic masculine character grounded in his own values, not society’s demands.

We will be examining how the Hero’s Journey mirrors the story of red pill men, who often pass through their own stages of departure, initiation, and return. Departure begins when a man first sees through the approved narrative: that if he works hard, treats women well, provides, protects, sacrifices, and follows the rules, he will be rewarded with love, respect, family, and social legitimacy. For many men, that departure is not chosen calmly. It begins with betrayal, divorce, family court, false accusation, romantic failure, paternal alienation, or the slow realization that his sacrifices have purchased neither respect nor security.

Initiation is the period that follows, when the man is forced to confront realities he was never prepared to see. He must examine feminism, gynocentrism, male disposability, the family court system, the romantic ethic, and his own internal conditioning. This is where the trials become both exogenous and endogenous. He must deal with hostile institutions, social shaming, and cultural contempt for male pain, but he must also confront the programming inside himself: the need for female approval, the urge to rescue, the fantasy of “the right one,” and the shame he feels when he begins to value his own life.

Return does not mean returning to the old world unchanged. It means returning with discernment. The man who completes the journey does not necessarily retreat from women, family, work, or society. He returns as a more sovereign male individual, no longer willing to live as a disposable utility for others. He may still love, build, mentor, create, and serve, but he does so from choice rather than programming.

For example, the divorced father who once believed the system would honor his devotion may enter the journey through the shock of discovering that his role as provider did not protect his bond with his children. His initiation may involve grief, anger, legal struggle, and the painful recognition that family courts often treat fathers as wallets with visitation privileges. His return comes when he rebuilds himself, reclaims his fatherhood where possible, and refuses to measure his worth by the approval of hostile institutions.

Likewise, the man who spent years organizing his life around romantic validation may begin his departure when he finally sees that being “good,” useful, agreeable, and endlessly forgiving has not made him loved. It has made him exploitable. His initiation requires him to deconstruct the romantic ethic and separate healthy love from self-erasure. His return comes when he can engage life with a clearer eye, capable of affection without worship, loyalty without blindness, and desire without surrender.

This is not a collective revolution but an individual exodus. The ordinary world is the gynocentric matrix: institutions, media, laws, and expectations that position men as disposable providers and emotional regulators for female well-being. The hero’s journey begins when a man recognizes this arrangement as fundamentally misaligned with his own nature and refuses to remain a supporting character in someone else’s story. What follows is his departure, initiation, and return as a sovereign male individual.

DEPARTURE

1. The Call to Adventure: Acknowledging Something Is Wrong

The Call to Adventure arrives as an insistent inner voice or external shock that shatters the illusion of the ordinary world. In Campbell’s terms, a herald appears—something that cannot be ignored—and summons the hero onto the path of investigation. For the modern man, this herald is often a painful collision with systemic misandry and the relentless expectation of gynocentrism. He may lose his job, his children, his reputation, or simply his illusions in a divorce court, a workplace DEI initiative, or a casual social interaction where his needs are dismissed as irrelevant or toxic. He looks around and sees a society that extracts his labor, his protection, and his emotional labor while framing his very existence as a problem to be managed.

At first the realization is disorienting. He has been told his contributions—building infrastructure, innovating technology, defending nations, funding social programs—are the backbone of civilization, yet he is treated as worthless, potential rapist, or walking wallet. The discrepancy is too stark to dismiss. Something is profoundly wrong. The comfortable narrative that “men have all the power” collapses when he experiences the legal bias, the media vilification, the educational disadvantage, and the cultural contempt directed at maleness itself. This is the Call: not a glamorous quest handed down by gods, but a raw, often humiliating awakening to his marginalization.

This awakening is rarely confined to politics or relationships. It may expose a deeper identity fracture that cuts across race, class, religion, and sexual orientation. Men who appear to be struggling with separate problems may also be wrestling with the same underlying absence of a legitimate place in the world. They have been told what men are – usually something dangerous, deficient, or morally suspect – and what men must do – usually protect, provide, submit, apologize, and endure. They have been given commands, but no trustworthy rule book for living as men.

The Call forces the question: If my contributions are so essential yet I am so devalued, what is my actual worth outside the roles assigned to me? For many, this moment is quiet and private—sleepless nights scrolling forums, reading forbidden books, or simply sitting in the wreckage of a relationship that was never equal. Others experience it as public humiliation or financial ruin. Either way, the ordinary world of compliant masculinity cracks open. The adventure has begun. The man is being invited, whether he wishes it or not, to leave the village of gynocentric expectations and walk into the unknown forest of self-definition.

This first station is uncomfortable precisely because it demands honesty. Many men try to mute the Call with distraction, cope, or doubled-down provider performance. But once truly heard, it cannot be unheard. The journey toward authentic male character has started.

2. Refusal of the Call: Blue-Pill Paralysis

Joseph Campbell described this stage with unflinching clarity:

“Often in actual life, and not infrequently in the myths and popular tales, we encounter the dull case of the call unanswered; for it is always possible to turn the ear to other interests. Refusal of the summons converts the adventure into its negative. Walled in boredom, hard work, or ‘culture,’ the subject loses the power of significant affirmative action and becomes a victim to be saved. His flowering world becomes a wasteland of dry stones and his life feels meaningless—even though, like King Minos, he may through titanic effort succeed in building an empire of renown. Whatever house he builds, it will be a house of death: a labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his Minotaur. All he can do is create new problems for himself and await the gradual approach of his disintegration.”

In the Manomyth, this refusal manifests as blue-pill paralysis. The man has heard the Call—the gnawing realization of misandry, disposable status, and gynocentric exploitation—yet he turns away. He doubles down on the familiar script. He remains the reliable provider, the emotional tampon, the safety net, the silent financier of a society that thanks him with contempt. Comfortably numb inside the glittering palace of Disneyesque romance and “happy wife, happy life” propaganda, he tells himself the discomfort is temporary, that more effort, more sacrifice, more “being a good man” will eventually restore the promised reward.

Fear is the principal jailer at this stage: fear of losing social approval, fear of losing love, and fear of losing what a man imagines is the only space the world will grant him. Some of that fear is superficially warranted. A man who sees the script clearly may become a poor fit among people committed to remaining blind. But the greater danger lies in clinging to a role that is steadily hollowing him out.

How many men remain trapped in the provider-protector identity after reciprocity has vanished? How many competent professionals remember wanting to become artisans, writers, builders, or artists, only to watch those ambitions buckle beneath the weight of a story they did not write? How many remain automatons inside loveless or abusive relationships because the prospect of abandoning the assigned role feels more frightening than the slow destruction of self-respect?

His DNA has become plaited with the current status quo. Ancestral masculine paradigms—stoic independence, self-mastery, fraternal bonds, and sacred solitude—fade into myth. As he ventures deeper into denial, he gradually surrenders his own identity, replacing it with socially rewarded roles that promise validation — above all, female validation. He is no longer Theseus slaying the Minotaur; he becomes the chivalrous man defined by service to women, the self-sacrificing father measured only by what he provides, or the young man consumed by hyper-competition, wealth, and sexual conquests in a desperate effort to prove his worth. The man disappears. Only the mask remains.

He cannot imagine life outside the provider-protector cage because his identity is now fused to it. The fear of social exile, financial ruin, or female disapproval keeps him frozen. He builds empires of overtime, status symbols, and performative niceness, all while his inner Minotaur (the suppressed rage, the hollow loneliness, the quiet knowledge that he is being used) grows stronger within the labyrinth of denial.

This refusal turns the adventure negative. Life becomes a slow wasteland of dry stones: joyless sex, weaponized children, endless performance, and the creeping realization that the system was never designed for his flourishing—only his utility. Many men remain here until a second, harsher Call (divorce, breakdown, or redundancy) finally breaks the spell.

Many men remain here, not as villains but as sleepwalkers or willfully blind participants, lazily choosing the comfort of familiar chains over the terror of freedom. They actively maintain the very matrix that diminishes them, awaiting the slow disintegration they helped engineer. In this picture, the hero’s journey stalls. The man becomes the supporting character in everyone else’s story, awaiting disintegration in a house of death he helped construct.

3. Supernatural Aid: Guidance From Masculine Tradition

Joseph Campbell writes:

“For those who have not refused the call, the first encounter of the hero- journey is with a protective figure (often a little old crone or old man) who provides the adventurer with amulets against the dragon forces he is about to pass.”

In the Manomyth, this protective figure rarely appears as a literal wizard. Instead, the modern male hero encounters the voice of a wise old man—sometimes a living mentor, more often the resurrected words of great thinkers who saw the gynocentric trap long before him. One such man is Ernest Belfort Bax. In 1907 he warned:

“Nowadays any one who protests against injustice to men in the interests of women is either abused as an unfeeling brute or sneered at as a crank. Perhaps in that day of a future society, my protest may be unearthed by some enterprising archaeological inquirer, and used as evidence that the question was already burning.”

Like a message in a bottle cast across more than a century, Bax’s words reach the awakened man and serve as his first true amulet. Other GOATs—Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Stirner, or the sharp-eyed chroniclers of the early Manosphere—appear in forums, dusty books, or anonymous posts, offering maps and weapons precisely when the dragons of misandry and social condemnation begin to circle.

Campbell reminds us:

“We have not even to risk the adventure alone; for the heroes of all time have gone before us; the labyrinth is thoroughly known; we have only to follow the thread of the hero-path. And where we had thought to find an abomination, we shall find a god; where we had thought to slay another, we shall slay ourselves; where we had thought to travel outward, we shall come to the center of our own existence.”

These ancestral and contemporary voices become supernatural aid in the truest sense. They are not comforting lies but hard-edged truths that immunize the emerging Manomyth hero against the blue-pill illusions still swirling around him. Armed with their clarity, he steps forward no longer naked and disoriented, but carrying the distilled masculine wisdom of those who refused the gynocentric script before him. The journey deepens.

Their aid is not limited to political critique. They help restore the full range of masculine possibility. The awakened man can again examine the Hero without being commanded to martyr himself, the Warrior without being turned into an instrument, the Rebel without mistaking rage for freedom, the Sage without retreating into sterile abstraction, and the Creator without surrendering his work to the demands of approval. The old figures become tools of discernment rather than cages.

4. Crossing the First Threshold: Establishment Fearmongering Designed to “Keep a Man in His Place”

Joseph Campbell describes the moment with vivid precision:

“With the personifications of his destiny to guide and aid him, the hero goes forward in his adventure until he comes to the ‘threshold guardian’ at the entrance to the zone of magnified power. Such custodians bound the world in the four directions—also up and down—standing for the limits of the hero’s present sphere, or life horizon. Beyond them is darkness, the unknown, and danger; just as beyond the parental watch is danger to the infant and beyond the protection of his society danger to the member of the tribe. The usual person is more than content, he is even proud, to remain within the indicated bounds, and popular belief gives him every reason to fear so much as the first step into the unexplored. Thus the sailors of the bold vessels of Columbus, breaking the horizon of the medieval mind—sailing, as they thought, into the boundless ocean of immortal being that surrounds the cosmos, like an endless mythological serpent biting its tail—had to be cozened and urged on like children, because of their fear of the fabled leviathans, mermaids, dragon kings, and other monsters of the deep.”

In the Manomyth, the threshold guardians wear modern faces: media pundits, HR departments, feminist academics, family courts, and social media mobs. As the man, armed with GOAT wisdom, attempts to step beyond gynocentric bounds, the establishment unleashes its arsenal of fear-mongering. “You’re not a real man if you refuse to marry, provide, or put women on a pedestal.” “Only toxic, bitter incels reject society’s expectations.” “Men who go their own way are dangerous loners headed for failure, violence, or pathetic irrelevance.” The threats are rarely subtle: financial ruin through biased laws, social ostracism, reputational destruction, job loss, or even physical intimidation for daring to voice dissent.

The male hero must cross the threshold anyway. He recognizes these guardians for what they are— desperate sentinels guarding a dying paradigm. The “monsters of the deep” are illusions designed to keep him compliant and productive. Beyond the threshold lies uncertainty, yes, but also magnified power: freedom from performative masculinity, reclaimed time, energy, and the possibility of authentic selfhood. Crossing demands courage. Many turn back at the first wave of shaming or threats. The true hero pushes through the storm of propaganda and condemnation, leaving the safe harbor of approved male behavior behind. The open sea of masculine sovereignty awaits.

5. Belly of the Whale: Swallowed into the Unknown Margins of Society

Joseph Campbell explains this pivotal moment:

“The idea that the passage of the magical threshold is a transit into a sphere of rebirth is symbolized in the worldwide womb image of the belly of the whale. The hero, instead of conquering or conciliating the power of the threshold, is swallowed into the unknown, and would appear to have died.”

In the Manomyth, once the male hero crosses the first threshold—defying fearmongering and social pressure—he is not greeted by triumph but by engulfment. Society’s guardians do not let him depart quietly. He is swallowed whole into the belly of the unknown borderlands. To the gynocentric world he has effectively died. Friends ghost him, family labels him bitter or broken, colleagues distance themselves, and the broader culture writes him off as a failure, a dropout, or a danger. He disappears from the approved narrative of “good man” who sacrifices endlessly for women, family, and state.

This is the dark, disorienting womb of rebirth. He finds himself in the margins: perhaps living cheaply, working only for himself, exploring ideas and spaces once forbidden, or simply sitting alone with thoughts no longer filtered through blue-pill expectations. The old identity dissolves. There is no map, no cheering crowd, and no guarantee of survival. He may feel profound isolation, financial uncertainty, or the weight of having burned bridges. Yet within this whale’s belly something primordial stirs. Stripped of his former roles, he begins the slow process of digestion—breaking down the lies he once swallowed and alchemizing them into raw material for a new self.

The hero goes forth anyway, surrendered to the unknown. In this symbolic death he prepares for genuine rebirth, no longer defined by what gynocentric society demanded of him, but by what he chooses to become. The journey inward has truly begun.

INITIATION

6. Road of Trials: Severe Tests in the Twilight Zone and Emerging Possibilities

Joseph Campbell writes:

“Once having traversed the threshold, the hero moves in a dream landscape of curiously fluid, ambiguous forms, where he must survive a succession of trials. This is a favorite phase of the myth-adventure. It has produced a world literature of miraculous tests and ordeals. The hero is covertly aided by the advice, amulets, and secret agents of the supernatural helper whom he met before his entrance into this region. Or it may be that he here discovers for the first time that there is a benign power everywhere supporting him in his superhuman passage.”

In the Manomyth, the Road of Trials strikes with greater force and frequency than anything the gynocentric world previously threw at him. Having stepped into the margins, the awakened man now faces intensified ordeals: strained family ties, friendships that fade or fracture, romantic relationships that cannot survive his changing boundaries, lingering legal or institutional conflicts, and the physical and mental exhaustion of unlearning decades of conditioning. He may remain steadily employed and outwardly functional while discovering that the deeper cost of departure is social. People who once understood his role may no longer understand the man who has stopped performing it. Every assertion of independence tests some old expectation. The old world does not release its claims easily.

Yet woven through these harsher fires, the hero begins to sense possibilities that were invisible from inside the old script. The landscape feels dreamlike and fluid because the rules that once governed his relationships and sense of belonging no longer seem absolute. He discovers hidden strengths—resilience he did not know he possessed, clarity of thought unfiltered by female approval, the quiet power of chosen solitude, and unexpected alliances with other men walking parallel paths. The GOAT wisdom he carries acts as both map and shield. Small, undeniable wins begin to stack: stronger boundaries, restored energy, more peaceful use of his time, relationships based on reciprocity rather than obligation, and a growing confidence that he can build a life without surrendering authorship of it.

This phase forges him. The trials strip away illusion, while the emerging possibilities reveal what a self-authored male life can become. He is no longer merely reacting to what he has escaped. He is learning how to remain connected where connection is healthy, walk away where it is not, and thrive on terms he consciously defines.

One of the most practical disciplines of this stage is to map the mythology that produced his dysfunctional choices. In the wreckage of a relationship, was he acting as Hero, Warrior, rescuer, dutiful son, or sacrificial provider? Was he responding to a genuine partner or to a Damsel in Distress whose helplessness concealed entitlement or manipulation? Was he following the Siren’s Song of sex, validation, status, romantic salvation, or the promise of finally being accepted? The purpose of these questions is not to replace personal responsibility with mythic excuses. It is to make the hidden script visible enough to change it.

And this is where another hard realization begins to take hold: freedom does not absolve him of responsibility. It increases it.

The awakened man can no longer blame the old world for every choice he made inside it. He can no longer hide behind gynocentric culture, feminism, family courts, female manipulation, romantic propaganda, family expectations, peer pressure, or bad advice from other men. Those forces may be real. They may have shaped the conditions of his life in ways he did not understand at the time. But the Road of Trials forces him to admit that his own cooperation was part of the machinery.

He was the one who believed the romantic fantasy. He was the one who ignored red flags. He was the one who surrendered standards, excused bad behavior, mistook sexual access for loyalty, confused need with love, and called self-erasure devotion. He was the one who stayed silent to preserve harmony, accepted one-sided obligations to remain welcome, failed to walk away when reciprocity disappeared, and ignored the price of belonging when belonging required him to disappear.

This recognition is not self-hatred. It is the beginning of authorship.

A man cannot become sovereign while still outsourcing responsibility for his life. He may have been lied to, pressured, shamed, conditioned, or surrounded by people who rewarded his compliance, but at some point he must face the adult truth: his direction is on him. In fact, it was always on him. The difference now is that he can see it.

That sight is painful because it removes the comfort of innocence. But it also removes the prison of helplessness. If his old choices helped build the life he now rejects, then new choices can build something else. He is no longer merely the victim of a script. He is the man who must stop reading from it—even when doing so disappoints family, unsettles old friends, or changes the terms of intimate relationships.

He then begins the harder work of imagining a story constructed by his own hand. What would his life look like if his ambitions were not arranged around compulsory service? Which relationships would remain if affection were separated from worship, loyalty from blindness, generosity from self-erasure, and belonging from obedience? Which friendships, family bonds, and intimate relationships can accommodate the man he is becoming rather than demanding the man he used to be? The stars by which he navigates are gradually rearranged according to his own values, capacities, dreams, and limits.

7. Meeting with the Goddess: The Awakened Muse

Joseph Campbell describes this as a sacred encounter: the triumphant hero-soul enters a mystical marriage with what he calls the Queen Goddess of the World. This meeting, he says, occurs at the nadir, the zenith, or the very edge of existence—within the deepest chamber of the heart.

In the Manomyth, the usual “Goddess” appears not as some gynocentric Queen ruling the world, but as a rare, all-seeing anima—an awakened muse of the imagination. She represents feminine presence that does not require the hero to resume his former role. She sees the gynocentric matrix for what it is—a snare when male worth is made contingent on service and self-erasure. She understands his journey out of mandated provider roles, the weight of misandry, and the social cost of refusing expectations that once governed his relationships. She does not demand the usual sacrifices.

The meeting establishes a clear template: a standard of feminine presence he will accept no less than. In practice, it begins as a guarded inner conversation. The hero tests this muse in his thoughts and grants her only provisional standing. She symbolizes a form of connection that does not demand that he surrender his center in exchange for companionship—whether or not such a woman ever appears in the flesh.

The awakened man has already seen how easily intimacy can become a system of extraction, appeasement, entitlement, or betrayal. The muse stands apart because she does not ask him to purchase belonging with obedience. She encourages his masculine sovereignty and appears to find beauty in it rather than treating it as an obstacle to be corrected.

This meeting may heal old wounds and reignite vital masculine energy. More importantly, it allows him to imagine connection without surrender. It is not the end of the journey, but a tentative luminous waypoint—possible proof that companionship can exist outside the old bargain and that solitude need not be the only alternative to self-erasure.

8. Woman as the Temptress: Seduction Back into Gynocentric Values

In Campbell’s framework, after the meeting with the Goddess, the hero encounters the Woman as Temptress—the archetype of worldly seduction that threatens to pull him away from his hard-won path. She represents the lure of comfort, status, belonging, and sexual imperatives that can derail the quest for full transformation.

In the Manomyth, this temptress appears in multiple seductive forms. She may be the flesh-and-blood woman who offers the familiar comforts of traditional gynocentrism: “Settle down, be a good provider, and I’ll make your home life worthwhile.” She whispers promises of validation, regular sex, domestic peace, family legitimacy, and social approval—the old bargain that once defined his worth. Or she manifests as the siren song of modern pick-up artistry, where the man trades his emerging sovereignty for endless conquest and validation through female attention. In its deepest form, she represents Oedipal regression—the pull to return to the safety of the mother womb, where a woman once again becomes the center of his universe and he resumes the role of submissive son.

The temptation is powerful precisely because it feels like relief after the Twilight Zone’s harsh trials. Estrangement is tiring. Being misunderstood by family is tiring. Watching old friendships become conditional is tiring. Solitude, even when chosen, can still ache. Biology, conditioning, nostalgia, and loneliness can make the old path look deceptively sweet. Yielding here means returning not simply to a woman, but to the belief that belonging must be purchased through self-abandonment.

Odysseus asks his crew to tie him to the ship’s mast to avoid the Sirens’ lure

The true hero sees the temptress for what she is: not evil, but a test of commitment. He feels the pull toward comfort, acceptance, intimacy, and the restoration of familiar bonds, yet refuses to abandon his path merely to stop feeling alone. Passing this trial deepens his resolve. He learns that connection is worth having only when it can coexist with self-respect.

9. Atonement with the Father: Becoming One with the Masculine Principle

Joseph Campbell writes:

“For the ogre aspect of the father is a reflex of the victim’s own ego—derived from the sensational nursery scene that has been left behind, but projected before, … sealing the potentially adult spirit from a better balanced, more realistic view of the father, and therewith of the world… But this requires an abandonment of the attachment to ego itself; and that is what is difficult. One must have a faith that the father is merciful, and then a reliance on that mercy. Therewith, the center of belief is transferred outside of the bedeviling god’s tight scaly ring, and the dreadful ogres dissolve.”

Campbell’s language here can be dense, and some may find this passage difficult to unpack. Put more plainly, he is describing how a child’s early image of the father can continue to shape the adult man’s relationship with authority, masculinity, and the world itself.

When a child experiences the father as frightening, controlling, judgmental, or overwhelmingly powerful, that image can get stuck in his mind. Even after he grows up, he may keep projecting that childhood version of “the father” onto authority, morality, society, God, and even masculinity itself.

So the “ogre father” is not necessarily the actual father as he really is. It is partly an image created and preserved by the child’s own ego: the frightened, dependent part of the self that still sees authority through childhood eyes.

Campbell’s point is that a man cannot fully mature while he remains psychologically trapped in that old relationship. If he keeps seeing the father principle only as something oppressive that must be feared, resisted, pleased, or rebelled against, then he is still reacting like a child.

The difficult step is giving up some of that ego attachment. In other words, he has to stop making his whole identity revolve around his old fear, resentment, guilt, or rebellion.

When Campbell says a man must have faith that “the father is merciful,” we take him to mean that the deeper principle represented by the father—order, authority, reality, discipline, judgment—is not simply out to crush him. Once he can trust that and stop viewing it entirely through the lens of childhood fear, the monster disappears.

In the Manomyth, that Atonement with the Father marks a profound shift. The hero stops fighting the father principle as the tyrannical Ogre of nursery rhymes or the oppressive patriarch painted by gynocentric culture. He no longer sees traditional masculine authority, discipline, stoicism, and self-mastery as enemies to slay. Instead, he recognizes them as models to examine, refine, and integrate. The “father” is not an external monster but the archetypal force of ordered, sovereign manhood that he can now embody.

This atonement dissolves the false binary of rebellion versus submission. The hero abandons the ego-driven narrative that kept him trapped in perpetual boyhood or reactive anger. He drops the self-generated dragons of guilt and resentment. In their place comes a realistic embrace of masculine heritage—the lineage of teachers, protectors, builders, artists, and thinkers who came before him. He no longer needs either to imitate fathers blindly or reject them reflexively. He chooses what is worthy and makes the father principle his own.

The result of this hard-won integration is simple yet transformative. The hero can finally declare: “I and the father are one.” He stands at-one with the deep masculine. No longer at war with himself or dependent on the tribe’s permission to inhabit his own nature, he moves forward with clarity, strength, and unapologetic male authority.

This integration also ends his dependence on biology or inherited expectation alone to dictate his role. Instinct may still incline him toward protection, provision, competition, bonding, or sacrifice, and family tradition may still exert a powerful pull. But neither instinct nor tradition is sovereign. Consciousness now mediates the impulse. He can ask who benefits, what is reciprocal, what the cost will be, whether the bond is worthy of the sacrifice, and whether the act expresses his values or merely repeats his conditioning.

10. Apotheosis: The Hero Becomes the Realized Man

In Joseph Campbell’s monomyth, Apotheosis is the moment of profound transformation following Atonement with the Father. The hero undergoes a symbolic death and rebirth, transcending his former limited self. He achieves a divine-like state—an expansion of consciousness where the boundaries between human and transcendent dissolve. No longer bound by fear or ego, he recognizes his unity with the deeper powers of existence and gains the freedom that comes with it.

In the Manomyth, this stage marks the point where the male hero is increasingly unbound by former blue-pill fears. The terror of female disapproval, family disappointment, social ostracism, loneliness, and the need for external validation begins to lose its authority over him. This does not mean he has become indifferent to people. It means affection no longer requires obedience, and rejection no longer automatically sends him back into the old script. He now possesses the inner keys to authentic masculine freedom: unapologetic self-direction, emotional sovereignty, disciplined purpose, and the ability to remain himself in the presence of social pressure.

This mirrors Nietzsche’s ideal of the Übermensch—the God-man who creates his own values and stands beyond conventional slave morality. It also resonates with the Christian and Eastern Orthodox traditions of theosis or divinization: the process by which a person partakes in the divine nature through grace, becoming more fully what he was meant to be—not by becoming God in essence, but by reflecting and participating in divine qualities such as freedom, wisdom, strength, and creative power.

The hero does not float above humanity; he becomes the fullest expression of self-mastered manhood. Freed from illusion, he can stand among family, friends, colleagues, lovers, and strangers without needing any of them to certify his worth. He walks the earth with quiet authority—master of his domain, creator of his own meaning, and bearer of hard-won masculine light.

In practical terms, apotheosis is authorship. The man is no longer satisfied merely to tell the story of what happened to him. He begins to author and own the story of what happens next. His past may explain him, but it no longer commands him. He becomes capable of building a life in which work, friendship, family, solitude, love, service, and ambition are selected and ordered rather than inherited as demands. Some old relationships may survive in a healthier form. Others may fall away. Neither outcome determines his worth.

11. The Ultimate Boon: Absolute Freedom

Joseph Campbell illustrates this moment with the classic example of the Buddha:

“The Buddha’s victory beneath the Bo Tree is the classic Oriental example of this deed. With the sword of his mind he pierced the bubble of the universe—and it shattered into nought. The whole world of natural experience, as well as the continents, heavens, and hells of traditional religious belief, exploded—together with their gods and demons. But the miracle of miracles was that though all exploded, all was nevertheless thereby renewed, revivified, and made glorious with the effulgence of true being.”

In the Manomyth, the Ultimate Boon is the hard-won mindset of personal freedom. After enduring the trials, integrating the father principle, and transcending his former limitations, the hero pierces the bubble of gynocentric illusion. The entire edifice—the myths of female superiority, male disposability, mandatory providerhood, romantic salvation, compulsory sacrifice, and shame-based belonging—begins to shatter. What once seemed like an unquestionable social reality is revealed as a set of expectations he can evaluate rather than obey.

Yet, like the Buddha’s enlightenment, this is not nihilistic destruction. The world is renewed because his relationship to it has changed. The same society, laws, women, workplaces, families, friendships, and institutions still exist. He may participate in all of them. The difference is that none automatically owns him. He can love without worship, remain close to family without surrendering judgment, maintain friendships without performing an approved persona, and work without making employment the source of his identity. No longer driven by fear of loneliness, ostracism, or judgment, he lives from his own center. His time, energy, resources, loyalties, and purpose are his to direct. He has achieved the Ultimate Boon: the knowledge that his value is not contingent on being useful enough to earn a place in someone else’s life.

This is the liberated state that the journey prepared him for. He has not necessarily escaped society, abandoned work, or severed every bond. He has escaped the belief that acceptance must be purchased with self-erasure. He can remain in the world, and among the people he chooses, without surrendering authorship of his life.

RETURN

Having claimed the Ultimate Boon, the hero now faces the final challenge: bringing his hard-won wisdom back into the ordinary world. Whether reluctant or ready, he stands before the return threshold.

12. Refusal of Return: The Black Pill Cynicism

Joseph Campbell characterizes the Refusal of Return as follows:

“When the hero-quest has been accomplished, through penetration to the source, or through the grace of some male or female, human or animal, personification, the adventurer still must return with his life-transmuting trophy. The full round, the norm of the monomyth, requires that the hero shall now begin the labor of bringing the runes of wisdom, the Golden Fleece, or his sleeping princess, back into the kingdom of humanity, where the boon may redound to the renewing of the community, the nation, the planet, or the ten thousand worlds. But the responsibility has been frequently refused. Even the Buddha, after his triumph, doubted whether the message of realization could be communicated, and saints are reported to have passed away while in the supernal ecstasy. Numerous indeed are the heroes fabled to have taken up residence forever in the blessed isle of the unaging Goddess of Immortal Being.”

In the Manomyth, this stage manifests as the Black Pill — a deeply cynical refusal to return. The hero has won absolute sovereignty. He has shattered the gynocentric illusions and tasted true masculine freedom. Yet instead of carrying any hard-won wisdom outward (even if only as a living example), he chooses permanent withdrawal. He remains in the blessed isle of MGTOW solitude, red-pill forums, or nihilistic detachment, declaring “It’s over,” “All women are like that,” or “Society is irredeemable.” The victory curdles into bitterness. He builds walls rather than boundaries, choosing the comfort of total disengagement over the risk of re-entering a world that once exploited him.

This refusal, while understandable after years of trials, traps the hero in a half-life. He possesses the boon but withholds its light. The full heroic cycle remains incomplete. True sovereignty includes the freedom to return — or not — on his terms, without being ruled by resentment. The black-pilled man stays on the island of Immortal Being, safe but stagnant, having traded one form of captivity for another.

13. The Magic Flight: The Otherworld Pursues Its Own

Joseph Campbell describes this stage:

“If the hero in his triumph wins the blessing of the goddess or the god, and is then explicitly commissioned to return to the world with some elixir for the restoration of society, the final stage of his adventure is supported by all the powers of his supernatural patron. On the other hand, if the trophy has been attained against the opposition of its guardian, or if the hero’s wish to return to the world has been resented by the gods or demons, then the last stage of the mythological round becomes a lively, often comical, pursuit. This flight may be complicated by marvels of magical obstruction and evasion.”

In the Manomyth, the Magic Flight is the awakened man’s attempt to re-enter ordinary society after his long sojourn in the Twilight Zone. He carries the ultimate boon yet discovers that the otherworld of initiation does not easily let him go. The red-pill communities, black-pill prophets, manosphere mentors, and digital brotherhoods that shaped him, may now resent his exit. They pursue him with accusations of betrayal, warnings that he is “leaking” or “going blue-pill,” and constant reminders that the ordinary world will destroy him. Some demand he remain forever on the fringes as a full-time warrior or monk.

Yet the true hero possesses supernatural aids — inner clarity, strategic detachment, and hard-won wisdom. His flight becomes a skillful dance of evasion. He moves through both worlds lightly, revealing only what serves him and maintaining strong boundaries even with his former brothers. Sometimes comical, sometimes tense, this phase teaches him how to live in the world without being of it — and how to leave the otherworld of trials and initiations without rejecting the truths he gained there. He now lives his hard-won freedom on his own terms, deciding whether — and how much — to share his elixir with others.

14. Rescue from Without: The World Old Calls Him Back

Joseph Campbell writes:

“The hero may have to be brought back from his supernatural adventure by assistance from without. That is to say, the world may have to come and get him. For the bliss of the deep abode is not lightly abandoned in favor of the self-scattering of the wakened state. ‘Who having cast off the world,’ we read, ‘would desire to return again? He would be only there.’ And yet, in so far as one is alive, life will call. Society is jealous of those who remain away from it, and will come knocking at the door. If the hero is unwilling, the disturber suffers an ugly shock; but on the other hand, if the summoned one is only delayed—sealed in by the beatitude of the state of perfect being (which resembles death)—an apparent rescue is effected, and the adventurer returns.”

In the Manomyth, the Rescue from Without is the moment when ordinary society — friends, family, former colleagues, or even the rare perceptive woman — reaches out to draw the sovereign man back among them. After long immersion in the profound peace of absolute masculine independence, he may feel little urgency to re-engage. The bliss of minimal obligations, retained resources, and mental clarity is deeply seductive. Yet this call meets a man who is now willing to have a life among others again — not out of neediness or old gynocentric programming, but from the fullness of a life well lived.

People around him begin to sense the depth of his newfound wisdom. They notice his calm confidence, unshakeable boundaries, and quiet authority. Old friends message him to “hang out again,” family urges him to be present for aging parents, or new opportunities appear. In today’s gender zeitgeist, this “rescue” often arrives in soft disguises — appeals to legacy, shared history, or mutual benefit — but the hero responds entirely on his own terms.

The rescue, when accepted, becomes conscious integration. He steps back into the world selectively, carrying his boon openly. No longer its servant, he moves as its quiet master — engaging life richly while remaining fully sovereign.

15. Crossing the Return Threshold

Joseph Campbell captures the profound difficulty of this stage:

“The two worlds, the divine and the human, can be pictured only as distinct from each other. Nevertheless — and here is a great key to the understanding of myth and symbol — the two kingdoms are actually one. The realm of the gods is a forgotten dimension of the world we know… The first problem of the returning hero is to accept as real, after an experience of the soul-satisfying vision of fulfillment, the passing joys and sorrows, banalities and noisy obscenities of life… [T]he work of representing eternity in time, and perceiving in time eternity, cannot be avoided.”

In the Manomyth, Crossing the Return Threshold is the hero’s deliberate integration of his hard-won wisdom back into the ordinary world. He installs his new wisdom as a permanent operating system: calm boundaries, unapologetic self-priority, indifference to gynocentric shaming, and a life built on his own values. The Twilight Zone insights — absolute male freedom, the illusions of the old script, the power of chosen detachment — now shape how he works, relates, spends his time, and carries himself daily.

If he chooses, compassion moves him to share this boon with other men still trapped in the matrix. As the old saying goes, if a wise man is not helping another man, he is harming another man. He may write, mentor, speak plainly, or simply live as a living example — not as a missionary or revolutionary, but as one who quietly refreshes the spoken word for those ready to hear it. He does this without illusion: he knows that most will rationalize his message into nonentity, yet he offers it anyway from a place of detached generosity.

The most useful assistance he can offer is therefore not another collection of therapeutic platitudes about finding an inner abstraction. It is the honest placement of a philosophy front and center: men possess legitimate interests, their lives are not public utilities, and healing requires more than recounting injury. It requires the power to interpret the old story, reject the parts that deform them, and write a new one with the support and example of other men.

This crossing over is subtle and ongoing. The hero no longer lives in the gynocentric world as before, nor does he permanently hide from it. He walks between the two kingdoms — now revealed as one — translating the unspeakable freedom of the deep into the language of everyday masculine life.

16. Master of Two Worlds: Freedom Between Solitude and Society

Joseph Campbell writes:

“Freedom to pass back and forth across the world division, from the perspective of the apparitions of time to that of the causal deep and back—not contaminating the principles of the one with those of the other, yet permitting the mind to know the one by virtue of the other—is the talent of the master. The Cosmic Dancer, declares Nietzsche, does not rest heavily in a single spot, but gaily, lightly, turns and leaps from one position to another. It is possible to speak from only one point at a time, but that does not invalidate the insights of the rest.”

In the Manomyth, the Master of Two Worlds is the fully realized sovereign man who moves freely between two realities: the deep, enlightened solitude of absolute masculine independence and the ordinary social world.

Psychologically, he inhabits the calm, self-authored inner kingdom where gynocentric illusions hold no power. In the real world, he can step into society — work, family, friendships, even a selective pairbond relationship — without becoming contaminated by its demands or losing his center. He is neither hermit nor participant; he is the Cosmic Dancer.

This mastery grants him immense practical freedom. He can enjoy deep solitude for renewal and clarity, then re-enter the social realm on his own terms — engaging warmly when it serves him, withdrawing instantly when it does not. He no longer contaminates his sovereign principles with blue- pill expectations, nor does he let worldly noise disturb his inner silence. The same man who sits content in peaceful aloneness can also laugh with friends, advance his career, or share time with a perceptive woman, all while remaining untouched at the core.

He has become the true master: light-footed, unburdened, and whole. Solitude nourishes him; society no longer owns him. The fluid movement between worlds is the living expression of his completed journey.

17. Freedom to Live

Freedom to Live is not another form of mastery. It is what becomes possible after mastery is no longer something the hero must constantly demonstrate.

The man who reaches this stage is no longer organizing his life around resistance. He does not need to prove that he has escaped the gynocentric script, advertise his independence, win every argument, or remain permanently vigilant against manipulation. The old world has lost its authority over him, but it has also lost its ability to occupy his mind.

This is the final liberation: not merely freedom from institutions, expectations, or unhealthy relationships, but freedom from the internal compulsions those forces created. He is no longer driven by the need for female approval, social recognition, vindication, revenge, or ideological purity. He can remember what happened without living inside it.

His life is now directed by preference rather than reaction. He works because the work matters to him. He creates because something within him seeks expression. He enters relationships because they enrich his life, not because he fears solitude or needs validation. He may mentor, build, travel, love, withdraw, compete, rest, or begin again. None of these choices must justify his existence.

The past becomes instruction rather than identity. Betrayals, losses, humiliations, and wasted years remain part of his story, but they are no longer the author of it. The future also loses its power to terrorize him. He prepares where preparation is useful, but he no longer sacrifices the present to imagined catastrophes.

Freedom to Live is therefore the end of compulsory masculinity. The hero no longer exists chiefly as provider, protector, servant, combatant, or corrective force. He may perform any of those functions when he chooses, but none of them defines his worth.
He has reclaimed the most fundamental possession a man can have: authorship of his own life. Every breath is his own. Every commitment is chosen. Every day belongs to him.

Conclusion

The Manomyth is now complete. The hero who answered the Call, crossed the thresholds, endured the Twilight Zone, atoned with the Father, claimed the Ultimate Boon, and mastered both worlds now stands in the final freedom — the Freedom to Live.

Joseph Campbell reminds us of the deeper meaning of this path:

“But there is another way—in diametric opposition to that of social duty and the popular cult. From the standpoint of the way of duty, anyone in exile from the community is a nothing. From the other point of view, however, this exile is the first step of the quest. Each carries within himself the all; therefore it may be sought and discovered within. The differentiations of sex, age, and occupation are not essential to our character, but mere costumes which we wear for a time on the stage of the world… What is the core of us? What is the basic character of our being?”

This arduous journey exacts a heavy price: comfort, illusions, old relationships, and the warm anesthesia of the blue-pill script. Yet it pays dividends in a currency far more precious: radical self- actualization, unshakeable self-understanding, total self-determination, and the rarest freedom of all — the freedom to live by one’s own values as a man. No longer defined by utility to women, society, or the state, he becomes the author of his existence. His time, energy, resources, and purpose belong to him. Yesterday’s chains and tomorrow’s fears lose their power. He lives here, now, fully present and sovereign.

Campbell continues:

“The modern hero, the modern individual who dares to heed the call and seek the mansion of that presence with whom it is our whole destiny to be atoned, cannot, indeed must not, wait for his community to cast off its slough of pride, fear, rationalized avarice, and sanctified misunderstanding. ‘Live,’ Nietzsche says, ‘as though the day were here.’ It is not society that is to guide and save the creative hero, but precisely the reverse. And so every one of us shares the supreme ordeal—carries the cross of the redeemer—not in the bright moments of his tribe’s great victories, but in the silences of his personal despair.”

The gynocentric world continues its noisy dance, but the hero sees it clearly — a stage, not a prison. He may engage it lightly when it serves him, withdraw into enlightened solitude when it does not, and share his hard-won wisdom with those ready to hear it. He harms no one by his freedom, yet he refuses to be harmed by anyone’s expectations. In mastering the two worlds, he has become the Cosmic Dancer — grounded in masculine truth, light on his feet, and at peace with the eternal.

This is where the archetypal crisis and the Hero’s Journey finally converge. The completed man does not abandon every traditional masculine virtue. He rescues those virtues from compulsory use. He may protect, but he is not property. He may provide, but provision is not the price of his humanity. He may sacrifice, but sacrifice is chosen for something he judges worthy, not extracted as proof that he deserves to exist.

A growing number of men are finally recognizing the counterfeit roles that have been offered in place of a full masculine identity. They are rejecting the archetypes of Servant, Slave, and Scapegoat— the man who exists to satisfy, the man whose labor and loyalty are presumed to belong to others, and the man who is blamed for failures he did not create. Their refusal is not a retreat from manhood. It is a refusal to let manhood be reduced to utility, obedience, and guilt.

That rejection is itself a Call to Adventure. It is the first conscious step out of a narrative they did not produce and that has never served them. The men who answer it are not asking to be exempt from responsibility. They are claiming the right to choose their responsibilities, to measure them against reciprocity and purpose, and to live as the authors rather than the expendable supporting characters of their own lives.

To every man still hearing the Call: the path is real. The trials are severe. The reward is beyond what the ordinary world can ever promise.

Step forward. The Minotaur is not undefeatable. The whale’s belly is not a tomb but a womb. And on the far side of the return threshold waits the life you were always meant to live — free, sovereign, and unmistakably your own.

The Manomyth is not legend. It is the living path of masculine awakening in our time. Walk it, and become the man the old world could never allow you to be.

“The One True Masculinity”
– Part 2: The Alpha

As mentioned in Part 1, ancient cultures recognized dozens of male archetypes – showcased for example in the Greek gods and heroes where each mythological character is presented as a carefully differentiated expression of masculinity.

Despite our tendency to think of Zeus as the single alpha male of the pack, it’s more accurate to say that each god, each archetype, demonstrates alpha qualities in a specific domain; each demonstrating a different kind of power.

Zeus was alpha in his political leadership, Ares in martial skill, Hephaestus in labour consciousness and artisan mastery, Apollo on intellectual pursuits, and so on. Conversely each of these characters are beta, if not sigma in the areas outside of their specialities, as demonstrated in the instances where each god was subjected to moments of dominance by another deity.

Looked at in this polytheistic way, modern descriptions of alpha, beta, sigma etc. appear not only reductionistic as applied to real men (men who may excel in one area and not another), but also frankly gynocentric in the way each ranking is defined by the criterion of whether a man is pleasing to, or useful for women. Is gynocentric appeal the only way to assess alpha value?

By way of contrast none of the classic male gods (archetypes) described by the Greeks were based on what women want, which alpha, beta, sigma etc. designations have unfortunately come to be defined today. Instead, they were based on special areas of male competency.

To summarize, humans are not like bears or wolves who become alpha based on simple formulae like strength and bite force. Alpha masculinity in humans can demonstrate superiority via a plurality of competencies, a fact not lost on the makers of Marvel movies which showcase a shifting mantle of ‘alpha’ based on the individual skillsets called for in a given (and always changing) situation. The sooner we jettison our singular notions of alpha, the sooner we can get down to appreciating the rich diversity of masculine potentials.

* * *

Further Reading: The One True Masculinity

Intimate Relationships Between Women and Men: Psychosocial And Post-Jungian Perspectives

By Professor Andrew Samuels: transcript of talk delivered in Japan in 2019

INTRODUCTION

In most countries, relationships between women and men continue to be studied and discussed in academic and clinical circles. One reason for it is because, whilst such relationships reflect social and cultural changes, they also drive them.

This is a talk about gender, psychology, politics and the relations between women and men. I have been writing about these matters for forty five years and I am still not sure what I think about them, or sure what is true and accurate.

(1) I dedicate my talk to two people. First, to my friend Professor Takao Oda, who brought me to lecture and teach in Japan many times. I still grieve his loss at a very young age. He taught me much about Shinto and about sand play.

The second person is one of my heroes, the British World and Olympic boxing champion Nicola Adams. She has been my muse in writing this talk. (1) Here she is:

Now, I present the structure of my talk:

  • INTRODUCTION
  • MEN AND POLITICS
  • IN PRAISE OF GENDER CONFUSION
  • JUNGIAN ANALYSIS AND GENDER: BEYOND THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE
  • ANIMUS AND ANIMA – A PROPOSAL
  • ON INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS – THE PHENOMENON OF PROMISCUITY

All I know is that the debates around gender, whether within Jungian analysis, or outside Jungian analysis, or between Jungian analysis and other disciplines are numinous and fascinating. We are all caught up in them, with our particular culture, history and geographical location playing important parts.

During the talk, I will ask you in the audience to engage in four gentle experiential exercises. Please do not worry about them, but I wanted to give advance notice.

I will try to be careful not to give the impression that I am deeply familiar with contemporary Japanese culture. Yet I believe that my ideas may well strike a chord with a Japanese audience.

Why might my ideas from London strike a chord with you, here in Japan? I was very struck by the scandal in which the entrance examination results for medical school were falsified so that more men got in than was in fact the case. The picture is of the authorities apologising:

The BBC recently broadcast a report on the resistance by Japanese women to the compulsory wearing of high-heeled shoes in the office. The important thing was not the rule (which is often in use and we have things like that in Britain – but the new phenomenon of Japanese women’s resistance to it. In the picture, the woman in the meeting room is boldly and defiantly wearing trainers. Yet, we read in the newspapers how the Minister of Health and Labour defended the rule as ‘necessary’.

Next, I was also struck by the headline in this economic report: that in terms of economic gender inequality Japan is the worst in the G7. I didn’t know that.

Japan Ranks Worst Among G7 on Gender Gap Index

I also learned that married women may not continue to use their maiden names.

Look, we have similar tensions in the West and we are in paroxysms over #MeToo and sexual harassment. But that’s not the point. The point is that I’ve become aware that Japan is in the middle of an intense national debate about gender. That was why, with the encouragement of Professor Konoyu Nakamura, I chose the topic for today’s talk.

(2) You may be asking why I focus on heterosexuality, and not include homosexuality, and do not enter into discussions about transgender? It is not that I am uninterested in these latter themes; indeed, I have written much about them, and am known publicly as an advocate for the rights of gay men and lesbians and, more recently, of transgendered people. But I think it is time for me, and maybe for the field, to return to the majority concern once again, and that is heterosexuality, whether we like it or not. In so doing, one need not be hetero-normative, as I will try to show. (2)

‘Gender’ has come to mean the arrangements by which the supposedly biological raw material of sex and procreation is shaped by human and social intervention. Gender and the passionate politics it spawns have given rise to traumatic divisiveness in our world – West, East, South and North. But, looked at with the eye of a psychoanalyst, the very idea of gender also has a hidden bridge-building function: it sits on a threshold half-way between the inner and outer worlds, and thus is already half-way out into the world of politics.

On the one hand, gender is a private, secret, sacred, mysterious story that we tell ourselves and are told by others about who we are. But it is also a set of experiences deeply implicated in and irradiated by the political and socioeconomic realities of the outer world. The notion of gender, therefore, not only marries the inner and outer worlds, but actually calls into dispute the validity of the division.

It is no wonder, then, that gender issues get so politicized as well as continuing to turn us on. Nor is it any surprise that contemporary cultural and political discussions focus so often on gender issues – like the proportions of men and women in the various arms of government, paternity (as opposed to maternity) leave, and the perennial and unsolved everywhere issue of equality of pay. Here is an iconic image of a women’s protest against the lodging of nuclear weapons in Britain on a US air force base. Reflect on the shape and tone of the bodies in such conflict….

MEN AND POLITICS

Leaving aside the actions of the women at the base, let’s focus on men for a moment. Why? Far too much psychological writing on gender focuses on women! Not many psychoanalysts write about men. Ironically, men have become the object of much political and psychological scrutiny in the West these days and are often seen as ‘the problem’. I say ‘ironically’ because, for millennia, men were the ones to scrutinize other groups and make them problematic: women, children, Blacks, the fauna and flora of the natural world. Men were a sort of papal balcony from which to survey the universe. But, in our age, a huge shift in cultural consciousness has taken place and new questions about men have arisen: men as (errant) fathers, men as (violent) criminals, men as (apathetic) citizens.

(3) The three underlying questions seem to be: Can men change? Are men powerful? Do men hate women? I will briefly discuss these questions and then, as an experiential exercise, ask you to discuss amongst yourselves and then vote what you think about the answers to the questions. (3)

Can men change? Men can change, of course, and yet the statistics about who typically takes care of children or does the washing-up show that they have not altered their behaviour very much. Why not? In the past few years, far too much time has been spent on irresolvable philosophical, metaphysical and quasi-scientific discussions about the relative importance of nature and nurture in the formation of gender identity and performance. Yet it may still be politically useful to consider the limitations on men’s capacity to change – not because of biological hard-wiring but because of psychological factors, in psychotherapy language ‘internalization’: A kind of psychological rather than biological ‘inheritance’ referring to the way men take in (internalize) images of manliness they see projected by the outside world and make them part of their inner world.

Exercise 1: Please discuss this question ‘Can men change? with your neighbours for a few minutes. Then we will vote on the question ‘Can men change?’ Those who say yes? Those who say no? Those who abstain?

Are men powerful? They certainly have economic power. But Black men, homeless men, men in prisons, young men forced or tricked into armies, disabled men, gay men – these are often vulnerable figures. We have serious trouble contemplating male economic power and male economic vulnerability simultaneously. We know, too, that men are scared of women. Never mind their fear of ‘the feminine’, what scares men is women. How can a man be said to be powerful if he is scared of women? And men are also frightened of other men. When contemplating the question of male power, what each of us has internalized is crucial in determining our answer – which means that personal experience and circumstances are decisive.

At the same time, the undoubted economic power that males possess could be made to serve progressive ends. If men and their formal institutions put just a tiny proportion of their economic power to benevolent use, it would make an enormous difference. Or if men got fully behind attempts to engage with the climate crisis that threatens us with apocalyptic destruction. So whatever changes may be taking place in the world of men could have immense political and social effects.

Exercise 2: Please discuss this question ‘Are men powerful?’ with your neighbours for a few minutes. Then we will vote on the question ‘Are men powerful?’ Those who say yes? Those who say no? Those who abstain?

Do men hate women? Here, the word ‘ambivalence’ comes to mind and, as we shall return to the concept later, its history will be useful. In 1910, when Jung’s superior, Eugene Bleuler, coined the word ambivalence, he meant it as a very serious symptom of schizophrenia. By the 1930s and 1940s, it had become the sign of psychological maturity according to psychoanalysis. Ambivalence is the capacity to have simultaneously hating and loving feelings towards the same person. So it is not only a problem, but an extremely hard-to-achieve aspect of psychological and social maturity.

Exercise 3: Please discuss this question ‘Do men hate women?’ with your neighbours for a few minutes. Then we will vote on the question ‘Do men hate women?’ Those who say yes? Those who say no? Those who abstain?

IN PRAISE OF GENDER CONFUSION

Most people are wary now of any individuals who seem too settled and sure in their gender identity and gender role. Think of the tycoon – so capable and dynamic, such a marvellous self-starter. Do we not know that, secretly, he is a sobbing little boy, dependent on others, perhaps mostly females, for all his feelings of safety and security? Or the Don Juan, talking incessantly of the women he has seduced, who turns out to have fantasies of being female himself and yearns to be seduced by another man? Or the woman who seems so fulfilled as a mother, yet privately desires to express herself in ways other than maternity, to come into another kind of power, to protest her cultural ‘castration’?

We have come to accept that behind excessive gender certainty lurk gender confusions like these. At the same time, even many people who are suspicious of too much gender certainty feel that it is basically a good thing to be pretty certain about one’s gender, to know for sure that, in spite of all the problems one has with being a man or a woman, one is indeed a man or a woman.

Yet the contemporary emergence and (sometimes) the acceptance of transgender means that another ideal altogether is needed to make sense of what we are experiencing in the muddled and mysterious world of early twenty-first-century gender relations and gender politics. Many people who come for therapy are manifestly confused about their gender identity. They may know how a man or woman is supposed to behave; but they are not sure that, given what they know about their internal lives, a person who is really a man or a woman could possibly feel or fantasize what they are feeling and fantasizing.

In Britain, one of our most famous sports journalists has transitioned from male to female. Quite a fantastic thing to do in his profession. And he writes: ‘Its OK to find this confusing’.

For these profound feelings of gender confusion to exist, there has to be an equally profound feeling of gender certainty in operation at some level – certainty based on the images presented by society. You cannot know the details of your confusion without having an inkling of the certitude against which you are measuring it. The client sobbing his little boy heart out knows very well that ‘real’ ‘manly’ tycoons exist out there and evaluates himself negatively as a result. Indeed, we could even say: no gender certainty, no gender confusion.

What this means is that, to a very great degree, people construct their gender confusion in relation to their gender certainty. If gender certainty is part of ordinary socialization, then gender confusion is equally constructed and not a deep personal wound or failure.

We need, therefore, to extend radically the by-now conventional insight that gender confusion lies behind gender certainty to see that gender certainty lies behind gender confusion. To the extent that gender confusion is usually taken as a mental health problem or neurosis, we are making a colossal mistake and even playing a destructive con trick on those supposedly suffering from it. The problem, in fact, is gender certainty.

We can look at how this operates for men specifically in Western societies. The clichéd idea that many men living in a feminism-affected culture feel confused about who they are as men takes on a rather different cast if we disown the idea of the desirability of gender certainty. From this angle, modern men are not so confused – or at least feeling confused is not their main problem.

Their problem is being afflicted with a gender certainty that is of no emotional use to them in their lives, and may be actually harmful to their potential. (When men’s movement leaders offer a certainty that seems to have been missing from the lives of men, they are unwittingly doing nothing more than bringing the unconscious gender certainty that was always there to the surface and reinforcing it. As that certainty came from the culture in the first place, there is nothing radical or scene-shifting about it at all.)

That’s enough on men. Now, the really interesting question is what to do with the feelings of gender confusion from which everyone suffers these days. It all becomes easier to live with if we replace the word ‘confusion’ with something that sounds more positive, like ‘non-binary’, ‘fluidity’ or ‘flexibility’ or even ‘androgyny’. But the word ‘confusion’ has merits because it comes closer to capturing what contemporary people feel about their gender identity.

In fact, gender confusion can contribute something valuable to political and social reform and change. If gender is a story we tell about ourselves that is half private and half public, it is also something upon which most polities have erected a welter of oppressive practices and regulations, mostly favouring men. Unfortunately, many Western governments may be turning back to a retrogressive form of gender politics fuelled by the certitudinous ‘family values’ of the past.

We psychotherapists and analysts need to access what is involved in gender confusion and gender certainty in a new language of fleshly images that speak more directly to people’s experience. Children seem to grasp this instinctively. When my son was 8 and my daughter 7, they taught me their theory of gender confusion, which has much more to do with self-image at depth than the more conventional, journalistic presentation of men as mixed up because of what women have managed to achieve.

They identified four equal categories: boy-boy, boy-girl, girl-girl and girl-boy. Anatomy is important but not decisive in determining who belongs to which category. So my daughter could refer to herself as a girl-girl or a girl-boy while my son oscillated between being a boy-girl and a girl-boy. Context was important – it depended on whom they were with. This system gets beyond a simplistic heterosexual-homosexual or feminine-masculine divide. In the adult world, as many (or more) boy-girls are heterosexual as are homosexual. The certitudes upon which homophobia rests are subverted by this way of speaking.

In fact, the celebration of confusion embodied by such children’s theories may be a more effective, interesting and radical way to enter gender politics than either the suspiciousness and judgementalism of the therapist or the nostalgia-fuelled return to certainty we see in some aspects of the men’s movement or the advocacy of an ersatz merger of men’s sociopolitical interests with those of women. Gender confusion unsettles all the main alternatives on offer.

I conclude this section on gender confusion by saying that nothing is more suspect than the complaint, fuelled by ‘victim envy’, that society now favours women over men. Nevertheless, as suggested earlier, it would be wrong to end by reasserting that males have all the power. Perhaps there isn’t a monolith called ‘men’ after all.

JUNGIAN ANALYSIS AND GENDER: BEYOND THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE

Now is the time to look at Jungian contributions to discussions about the matters I have been raising.Now the questions become:

Is there such a thing as innately ‘masculine’ or innately ‘feminine’ psychology?

Is there such a thing as a ‘feminine psychology’?

I’ll begin with a general discussion, then consider whether there is a feminine psychology that applies to women. In a moment, I’ll look at the ‘feminine’ in relation to men, and, after that, at femininity and masculinity as metaphors.

Males and females do have experiences that vary markedly. But it is a huge step from that to a claim that they actually function sufficiently discrepantly psychologically for us to speak of two distinct psychologies. The evidence concerning this is muddled and hard to assess.

For instance, the discovery that boys build towers and girls build enclosures when they are given bricks can be taken to show a similarity of functioning rather than difference (which is what is usually claimed). Both sexes are interested in their bodies and, possibly, in the differences between male and female bodies. Both sexes express that interest in the same way – symbolically, in play with bricks. Or, put in another form, both sexes approach the difference between the sexes in the same way.

The differences that we see in gender role and gender identity can then be looked at as having arisen in the same manner. The psychological processes by which a male becomes an aggressive businessman and a female a nurturing and submissive housewife are the same kinds of processes – and one should not be deceived by the dissimilarity in the end product.

What I have been describing is not a woman’s relation to an innate femininity or to an innate masculinity. Rather I am talking of her relation to the phenomenon of difference. Then we can consider the social or cultural structures erected on the basis of that difference. Each woman lives her life in interplay with such difference.

This leads at once to questions of gender role (for example, how a woman can best express her aggression in her culture) but these questions need not be couched in terms of innate femininity or innate masculinity, nor in terms of a feminine-masculine spectrum. Rather, they might be expressed in terms of difference.

In the example, the difference between aggression and submission needs to be seen as different from the difference between men and women! Or, put another way, whatever differences there might be between women and men are not illuminated or signified by the difference between submission and aggression.

Now, as a Jungian, I am of course aware that men are said to have access to the ‘feminine’, or to the ‘feminine principle’ and I used to think that such an unremittingly interior view was the jewel in the Jungian crown. Well, these days I am not so sure.

If we’re attempting to describe psychological performance, we have to be sure why terms with gendered associations and appellations are being used at all. Otherwise we end up with statements such as that ‘masculine’ aggression is available to women via their relation to the animus, or ‘feminine’ reflection in the man via his anima. But aggression is part of woman and reflection is part of man.

What is more, there are so many kinds of aggression open to women that even current attempts to speak of a woman’s aggression as ‘feminine’ rather than ‘masculine’ still bind her as tightly as ever. Let us begin to speak merely of aggression. Gender engenders confusion – and this is made worse when gender terms are used exclusively in an inner way. When we speak of ‘inner’ femininity in a man, we bring in all the unnecessary problems of reification and substantive abstraction that I have been describing. We still cannot assume that psychological functioning is different in men and women, though we know that the creatures ‘man’ and ‘woman’ are different.

The question of ‘difference’ brings us to a point where we can play back these ideas into analytical psychology. From Jung’s overall theory of opposites, which hamstrings us by its insistence on contrasexuality (‘masculine’ assertion via the animus, etc.), we can extract the theme of difference. The notion of difference, I suggest, can help us in the discussion about gender. Not innate ‘opposites’, which lead us to create an unjustified psychological division expressed in lists of antithetical qualities, each list yearning for the other list so as to become ‘whole’. A marriage made on paper.

So what I am suggesting is that in both the collective, external debate about gender characteristics and the personal, internal debate about gender identity, the question of ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ is best left in suspension.

It is probably fair to say that post-Jungian analytical psychology has become preoccupied with the ‘feminine principle’. Here, I am not referring to the writings on women and ‘feminine psychology’ by Jung and his early circle of followers. The problems with that body of work are well known and often repeated. But in the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the United States, women writers in analytical psychology have set out to revise, or revolutionize, the early work. Such writers are struggling to be ‘post-Jungian’ in their attempt to critique those of Jung’s ideas that seem unsatisfactory or just plain wrong without dismissing Jung altogether.

The reason why there has been a concentration on the ‘feminine principle’ in recent Jungian writing is that it has provided a means to celebrate the specificity of women’s identity, life, and experience. In addition, having the notion of a ‘feminine principle’ in mind helps to make a critique of culture out of personal confrontations with it. The basic desire of feminists who are involved in Jungian psychology has been to refuse and refute the denigration of women that is perceived in analytical psychology, to bring the feminine gender in from the condescending margins, and to promote an alternative philosophy of life to that expressed in the power institutions of a male-dominated society.

Taken as a whole, and I realize I am generalizing, feminism which draws on Jung’s ideas stands out from other varieties, with which I feel more in sympathy, in two main ways. Both of these stem from Jung’s approach, resist eradication, and cause great difficulties. It is assumed that there is something eternal about femininity and, hence, about women; that women therefore, display certain essential transcultural and ahistorical characteristics; and that these can be described in psychological terms. What is omitted is the on-going role of the prevailing culture in the construction of the ‘feminine’ and a confusion develops between what is claimed to be eternal and what is currently observed to be the case.

It is here that the deadweight of the heritage of archetypal theory is felt. Jung assumed that there is something eternal about women and, hence, about femininity. As the feminist Jungian analyst Polly Young-Eisendrath writes: ‘Certain beliefs about difference – for example, about gender and racial differences – have influenced our thinking about the meaning of symbolic representations, behaviours, style, and manner of people who are alien to the roots of our psychology in Switzerland’.

I would like to say what I find problematic in the many attempts to locate eternal models or maps for the psychological activity of women in mythology and goddess imagery. When such imagery is used as a kind of role model or resource for a woman in her here-and-now pain and struggle, which is one thing. But when it is claimed that such endeavour is a reclamation of qualities and characteristics that once prevailed in human society only to be smashed by the patriarchy, then that is altogether more suspect. For it is a highly disputed point, to put it mildly, that such an era ever existed.

Could this be a case of taking myth too literally? And isn’t there a hidden danger here? For if men were to claim that they are in the direct line of psychic inheritance of the characteristics and qualities of gods and heroes, then we’d end up with the status quo, with things just as they are, for they couldn’t be any other way. As far as role-modelling and resource provision goes, surely any woman, even or especially an analyst, can perform this task for another woman.

The search for hidden sources of authority is a project constellated by what is seen as a flawed cultural tradition. But there may also be a ‘flaw’ in the project itself, for such a search demonstrates the very sense of weakness and lack of authority which it seeks to overcome. Engaging in a rivalrous search for female archetypes could lead to a new set of restrictions on female experience, as several writers have observed.

Trawling the recent literature, I have been struck by the massiveness of the feminine problematic, signified in numerous phrases such as: feminine elements of being, feminine modality of being, femininity of self, feminine ways of knowing, feminine authority, feminine assertion, feminine reflection, feminine dimensions of the soul, primal feminine energy pattern, feminine power, feminine response, feminine creativity, feminine mysteries, feminine body, feminine subjectivity, feminine transformation. I could have quadrupled the list; for ease of reference, I have subsumed all these terms under the general heading of the ‘feminine principle’.

Something oppressive has come into being – not, repeat not, because what is claimed as the content of the ‘feminine principle’ is oppressive but because celebrating the feminine has raised it to the status of an ego-ideal, leading to a simple and pointless reversal of power positions. Further, perhaps it is the shadow of feminism generally to make women feel inadequate when they don’t come up to its mark – or cannot emulate notable feminist figures. (4)

ANIMUS AND ANIMA – A PROPOSAL

There is an apparent consensus going around that everyone – male and female – has both animus and anima. Well, maybe. But what I want to propose is different to this trendy idea.

I say that animus and anima images are not of men and women because animus and anima qualities are ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’. No – rather, for the individual woman or man, anatomy is a metaphor for the richness and potential of the ‘other’. A man will imagine what is ‘other’ to him in the symbolic form of a woman – a being with another anatomy. A woman will symbolize what is foreign to her in terms of the kind of body she does not herself have. The so-called contrasexuality is more something ‘contra-psychological’; anatomy is a metaphor for that.

But to fully benefit from his ideas of animus and anima these have to be subjected to a post-Jungian critical revision. Classical Jungian notions such as eternal and internal masculinity and femininity, which lead to the assumption of essential differences between the sexes, are not the most fruitful way to use Jung’s ideas. Instead, animus and anima represent the expansion of the roles available to both sexes. We can happily consider aggressive and assertive woman (such as athletes and activists) and nurturing and receptive men (fathers). Hence, we transform a traditional and repressive theory into something that supports an expansion of roles and behaviours for women and for men. Animus and anima become motors of progressive change.

But anatomy is absolutely not a metaphor for any particular emotional characteristic or set of characteristics. That depends on the individual and on whatever is presently outside her or his conscious grasp and hence in need of being represented by a personification of the opposite sex. The difference between you and your animus or anima is very different from the difference between you and a man or woman.

The whole gender debate suggests that we Jungians join with those who question whether heterosexuality itself should be taken as innate and therefore as something fundamental and beyond discussion, or whether it, too, has a non-biological dimension. Freud’ s perception was of an innate bisexuality followed later by heterosexuality.

Jung’s view was that man and woman are each incomplete without the other: heterosexuality is therefore a given. In this sense he differs from Freud’s emphasis on bisexuality as the natural state of mankind. In Freud’s approach, sexual identity arises from the enforced twin demands of reproduction and society. What I have been arguing shifts the concept of bisexuality from something undifferentiated (polymorphous or polyvalent) into a vision of there being available to all a variety of positions in relation to gender role.

If discriminations like these are not made, then those analytical psychologists who espouse the idea of innate, body-based, sex-specific psychologies, find themselves lined up with those groupings often referred to as the ‘New Right’ or conservative or traditional. This is the case in Britain and the US. Here, too, isn’t that possible? New Right assumptions about sex-specific psychology tend to be based on appeals to tradition and often have a romantic appeal but those of us working therapeutically need to be aware of the way in which the assumptions can be used to promote the notion of ‘order’ and of how women’s activities, in particular, are decisively limited. Men win – again.

ON INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS – THE PHENOMENON OF PROMISCUITY

What happens in private between the sexes is also an important source of developments in society. Sexuality, including fantasy, may be viewed as proactive and as a motor of resistance to unjust and oppressive conditions both for women and men.

For this reason I want to focus on sexual promiscuity.

Back in the 1960s, in the summer of love, we in the West didn’t talk about ‘promiscuity. The reference was to ‘non-possessive relating’ or ‘alternative families’ or ‘free love’. In the talk. That is to say, promiscuity was viewed as a political statement.

It is still hard to find much contemporary discussion of promiscuity in a Western context that does not take a negative line. The word that appears over and over again in the context of sex is ‘casual’. Casual sex is the term with which we are now most familiar.

Exercise 4: To be done on private. I ask you to think of the last time you experienced absolute and total lust for another person (define lust as you like). What happened? If you acted on it, what feelings did you have at the time, and now? If you didn’t act on your experience of lust, what feelings did you have at the time, and now?

Promiscuity is the background phenomenon that since the late nineteenth century has underpinned numerous discussions that couple politics and sexuality. Conventional accounts of intimate relations praise them when they radiate constancy, longevity and fidelity. But more radical accounts suggest that ownership and control of the other are also critically important. The best known of these was Friedrich Engels’ 1884 OriginoftheFamily,PrivatePropertyandtheStatein which he states that the first class opposition that appears in history coincides with ‘the development of the antagonism between man and woman in monogamous marriage’ especially in ‘the possessing classes.’

Today’s monogamy may be seen as chiming and co-symbolizing with neo-liberal market economics and with implicit and explicit claims by powerful Western countries and corporations to ‘possess’ planetary resources. Monogamy, it can be argued, is therefore implicated in a wide range of injustices – environmental, economic and ethical. Now, this point can be made with greater or lesser passion, for monogamy certainly has its merits and cannot only be reduced to the level of political tyranny.

The corollary – that non-monogamy is correlated with sustainability, equality and social justice – remains, perforce, untested though hugely suggestive. Ownership is a tendentious perspective on relationships and geopolitics alike; but public strategies for sustainability, such as the principle of ‘global commons’, can be seen to co-symbolize with non-monogamy in the private sphere.

If we consider, for example, the Midrashic story of Lilith we can understand the possible relations between politics and sexual behaviour a bit more fluidly. Lilith was Adam’s first consort who was created from the earth at the same time as Adam. She was unwilling to give up her equality and argued with Adam over the position in which they should have intercourse – Lilith insisting on being on top. ‘Why should I lie beneath you’ she argued, ‘when I am your equal since both of us were created from dust?’ Adam was determined and began to rape Lilith who called out the magic name of God, rose into the air, and flew away. Eve was then created. Lilith’s later career was – not surprisingly – as an evil she-demon who comes secretly to men in the night, hence being responsible for nocturnal emissions. She was also a murderer of newborns. But in the end, after the destruction of the Temple, Lilith enters a relationship with God as a sort of mistress.

My point is that this kind of material can be taken as much as an expression of the influence of the sexual on the political as the other way around. The experience people have of the sexual is also a motor of their politicality, political style and political values. Sexual experience and its associated imagery express an individual’s psychological approach to political functioning.

I think this is illustrated by the image of the Palestinian paramedic Razan Ashraf al Najar in Gaza in 2018 running towards danger to treat a wounded man. She was shot by an Israeli sniper.

PROMISCUITY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY/ANALYSIS

With these thoughts in mind, I want to turn to our own profession of psychotherapy, both in and of itself and as representative of the wider culture. My accusation is that, when it comes to promiscuity, psychotherapy as an institution and many (but not all) psychotherapists as individuals are hypocritical. In terms of the etymology of the word ‘hypocrisy’, they are play acting or feigning something. As well as scoring points, I am interested in probing this phenomenon.

It is significant that sex outside of relationship is largely untheorized by analysts and therapists – or, if there is a theoretical position taken, it is invariably in terms of psychopathology, of an alleged fear of intimacy, problems in attachment (‘ambivalent attachment’) and relationship, perversion and so on. There is a contemporary absence of consideration of what my late friend the relational psychoanalystMuriel Dimen referred to as ‘sex-as-force’.

I think it is interesting to ask whether there might be something in the fundamental thinking or set-up of psychotherapy that leads to a carnality-averse conservatism. We have learned, mostly from Foucault that, for every majority discourse, there is likely to be a subjugated minority discourse. In psychotherapy – as in society – the majority discourse is relational. Hence, the subjugated minority discourse will be the opposite of relational; in the language of this talk, promiscuous.

I have wondered if the silence of psychotherapists on the topic of promiscuity reflects a kind of sexual horror – sotheytranslateeverythingintoadiscourseofrelationalityinwhich‘persons’getsplitofffrom‘sex’.

Putting these ideas – of hypocrisy and a subjugated non-relational discourse – together, exposes the secret moral conservatism of numerous psychotherapeutic clinicians compared to their often very different sexual behaviour as persons. We could begin to understand this more deeply by seeing it as envy on the part of the therapist of the sexual experimentation and out-of-order behaviour related to them by their clients.

The matter comes to a head when psychotherapists engage with infidelity (‘cheating’) on the part of their clients. Whilst not denying that some therapists, particularly couple therapists, understand cheating as a systemic phenomenon, the overall psychotherapeutic take on the matter is that it is a symptom of something else, some problem in the cheat, usually of a narcissistic kind. The cheated upon usually feels immense pain and the cheat often feels great guilt. These are strong affects for the therapist to engage with. Hence, unsurprisingly perhaps, what we see in the majority of instances is a counter-resistant valorization of relational longevity and an utterly literal understanding of ‘object constancy’ at the expense of relational quality. Provided you are in a longstanding relationship, you are, to all intents and purposes.

Is that true?!

To end, I will simply put up a slide that repeats the structure of the talk.

INTRODUCTION

MEN AND POLITICS

IN PRAISE OF GENDER CONFUSION

JUNGIAN ANALYSIS AND GENDER: BEYOND THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE

ANIMUS AND ANIMA – A PROPOSAL

ON INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS – THE PHENOMENON OF PROMISCUITY

Thank you for listening.


The above talk was delivered at the conference entitled ‘Jungian Psychology: East and West, encountering differences’ at Otemon Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan on November 2-3, 2019


*This transcript posted at Gynocentrism.com with permission from the author.

Beyond The Feminine Principle

The following chapter is from the book Passions, persons, psychotherapy, politics: the selected works of Andrew Samuels. It provides a critique of what the author refers to as ‘gender essentialism in the Jungian community and in its theorizing.’

* * *

Beyond The Feminine Principle

By Andrew Samuels

Retrospective introduction

I hope this chapter from The Plural Psyche of 1989 will still be of interest. It is, on one level, a critique of gender essentialism in the Jungian community and in its theorizing. As such, students of analytical psychology and Jungian Studies could well be interested. They should note that the chapter was very controversial in its time and led to attempts to claim that I was not a real Jungian because I had abandoned the interior perspective in which ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ were exclusively metaphorical matters.

In addition, the chapter was my first attempt to sketch out a contemporary variant of animus-anima theory that led to a subsequent suggestion that the theory was useful in underpinning an approach to gendered behaviour that greatly extends what we understand as male/masculine or female/feminine behavior for men and women. In this sense, Jung’s antiquated gender theory gets given new legs.
(Written in September 2013.)

In this chapter, I look at developments in analytical psychology concerning gender identity, gender characteristics, and gender role. This is set against the background of a general debate about the psychology of sex and gender and the question of sex-based psychology. As in all my work, the linkage between gender certainty and gender confusion is a central concern, as is the tracking of fluidity, flexibility, and a pluralistic ethos in connection with gender.

THE GENDER DEBATE

Some questions: are men innately more aggressive than women? Does that explain their social and political dominance? Is there such a thing as innately ‘masculine’ or innately ‘feminine’ psychology?

In his book Archetype: a Natural History of the Self, Anthony Stevens drew on the work of the sociobiologists Wilson and Goldberg to reach the conclusion that ‘male dominance is a manifestation of the “psychophysiological reality” of our species. In addition there is genetic and neurophysiological evidence relating to the biology of sexual differentiation. . . . Patriarchy, it seems is the natural condition of mankind’ (Stevens 1982: 188–92).

In Jung and the Post-Jungians, I drew on the work of Janet Sayers to critique Stevens’s position (Samuels 1985a: 220–2). Sayers felt that those opposed to changes in women’s role had appropriated biology to their cause and she demolished the sociobiological case in a witty and learned way. For instance, Wilson quoted studies that showed that boys were consistently more able than girls at mathematics but that girls have a higher degree of verbal ability. And boys are, in Wilson’s view, more aggressive in social play. From these bases, Wilson concluded that ‘even with identical education and equal access to all professions men are likely to continue to play a disproportionate role in political life, business and science’ (quoted in Sayers 1982: 77). She wryly remarks that it is hard to see how males’ lesser verbal ability leads to their being better fitted for political life. Surely, if biology really does determine social role, it should be the other way round?

Recently I came across the work of another academic psychologist, Gerda Siann (1985). She comprehensively surveyed the various research findings that purport to link aggression to the male hormones. She concluded that ‘no specific areas in the brain or nervous system have been pinpointed as controlling aggression’ and that an overview of the repeated studies shows that androgenized girls do not seem more aggressive than their peers, siblings, or mothers. Overandrogenized males do not display noteworthy dominance, assertion, or aggression in spite of the fact that their greater size would guarantee victory (they seem to be rather gentle people). What is more, Siann’s careful reading of the research findings shows that castration has no effect on the overall aggressive behaviour of sex offenders, save in relation to actual sexual behaviour. Finally, plasma testosterone levels do not seem to relate directly to aggressive behaviour. Siann’s overall conclusion was:

the evidence does not show any clear and unambiguous relationship between male hormones and the propensity to display violent behaviour or feel aggressive emotion. Indeed the likelihood of such a simple unidirectional relationship has been thrown into doubt by two additional lines of investigation. The first shows that the secretion of male hormones is itself directly affected by environmental and social variables, and the second is concerned with the speculation that female hormones may also be implicated in violent behaviour and aggressive emotion.

(Siann 1985: 37)

To sustain Stevens’s sociobiological viewpoint, female aggression has to be overlooked or minimized. What is more, there is a confusion between ‘aggression’ and ‘dominance’. Not all human dominance depends on aggression. We have to explain phenomena such as altruistic or self-sacrificing behaviour, conscience, the checks placed on the power of a leader, human capacity for collective decision-making, and so forth.

What follows is a discussion of the third question with which we started this section: are there such things as innate ‘masculine’ and, more pertinently perhaps, innate ‘feminine’ psychologies? If there are, then there could be a noncorporeal innate factor in aggression.

BEYOND THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE

It is hard to write flexibly and fluidly about what is flexible and fluid. The danger when trying to reflect on our current preoccupation with gender is that we might become too clear and too organized – a reaction formation to the inevitable anxiety (and guilt) we experience at finding that what we thought was solid and fixed is perforated and shifting. Humanity is not just divided into women and men but also into those who are certain about gender and those who are confused about gender. As we have seen, getting the balance between gender certainty and gender confusion is a hard task. Clinically, we see the negative effects of an excess of either position and working with individual patients in the area of gender identity is a kind of research work before moving on to the collective stage and a wider scale.

For gender confusions have as important a role to play as gender certainties. They contribute something imaginative to social and political reform and change. I refer to ‘confusion’ and not to something that sounds more laudable like ‘flexibility’ because, experientially, that is precisely what it is, no bones about it. Not for the first time in psychology, we can fashion the strengths out of an apparent weakness. To do this, I have found that I have had to learn from women about what they have been through.

Does use of the word confusion not imply the possibility of definition and clarity concerning gender? The way I use the word ‘certainty’ in relation to gender is intended to suggest that, while clear definition is theoretically possible, it is, for the most part, illusory and/or problematic.

In order to discuss the subject at all, the distinction between sex and gender should be noted, allowing for some overlap as well. Sex (male and female) refers to anatomy and the biological substrate to behaviour, to the extent that there is one. Gender (masculine and feminine) is a cultural or psychological term, arising in part from observations and identifications within the family, hence relative and flexible, and capable of sustaining change. Now, in some approaches, particularly in analytical psychology, what can happen is that a form of determinism creeps in and the invariant nature of gender is assumed, just as if gender characteristics and qualities were as fixed as sexual ones. The history of women shows that change is possible just because the social meaning of womanhood is malleable. But when this is ignored, as by Stevens, the possibilities of change, other than as part of ordinary maturation and individuation, are lost.

Is there such a thing as a ‘feminine psychology’? I’ll begin with a general discussion, then consider whether there is a feminine psychology that applies to women. In a moment, I’ll look at the ‘feminine’ in relation to men, and, after that, at femininity and masculinity as metaphors.

Males and females do have experiences that vary markedly. But it is a huge step from that to a claim that they actually function sufficiently discrepantly psychologically for us to speak of two distinct psychologies. The evidence concerning this is muddled and hard to assess. For instance, the discovery that boys build towers and girls build enclosures when they are given bricks can be taken to show a similarity of functioning rather than difference (which is what is usually claimed). Both sexes are interested in their bodies and, possibly, in the differences between male and female bodies. Both sexes express that interest in the same way – symbolically, in play with bricks. Or, put in another form, both sexes approach the difference between the sexes in the same way. The differences that we see in gender role and gender identity can then be looked at as having arisen in the same manner. The psychological processes by which a male becomes an aggressive businessman and a female a nurturing and submissive housewife are the same and one should not be deceived by the dissimilarity in the end product.

What I have been describing is not a woman’s relation to an innate femininity or to an innate masculinity. Rather I am talking of her relation to the phenomenon of difference. Then we can consider the social or cultural structures erected on the basis of that difference. Each woman lives her life in interplay with such difference. This leads at once to questions of gender role (for example, how a woman can best express her aggression in our culture) but these questions need not be couched in terms of innate femininity or innate masculinity, nor in terms of a feminine-masculine spectrum. Rather, they might be expressed in terms of difference. In the example, the difference between aggression and submission needs to be seen as different from the difference between men and women! Or, put another way, whatever differences there might be between women and men are not illuminated or signified by the difference between submission and aggression. In the previous two chapters, we have been exploring how gender difference is formed in relations between parents and children and by cultural and social organization.

I am aware that men are said to have access to the ‘feminine’, or to the ‘feminine principle’ and I used to think that such an unremittingly interior view was the jewel in the Jungian crown. Now I am not so sure. If we’re attempting to describe psychological performance, we have to be sure why terms with gendered associations and appellations are being used at all. Otherwise we end up with statements such as that ‘masculine’ aggression is available to women via their relation to the animus, or ‘feminine’ reflection in the man via his anima. But aggression is part of woman and reflection is part of man. What is more, there are so many kinds of aggression open to women that even current attempts to speak of a woman’s aggression as ‘feminine’ rather than ‘masculine’ still bind her as tightly as ever. Let us begin to speak merely of aggression. Gender engenders confusion – and this is made worse when gender terms are used exclusively in an inner way. When we speak of ‘inner’ femininity in a man, we bring in all the unnecessary problems of reification and substantive abstraction that I have been describing. We still cannot assume that psychological functioning is different in men and women, though we know that the creatures ‘man’ and ‘woman’ are different.

The question of ‘difference’ brings us to a point where we can play back these ideas into analytical psychology. From Jung’s overall theory of opposites, which hamstrings us by its insistence on contrasexuality (‘masculine’ assertion via the animus, etc.), we can extract the theme of difference. The notion of difference, I suggest, can help us in the discussion about gender. Not innate ‘opposites’, which lead us to create an unjustified psychological division expressed in lists of antithetical qualities, each list yearning for the other list so as to become ‘whole’. A marriage made on paper. No, I am referring to the fact, image, and social reality of difference itself. Not what differences between women and men there are, or have always been; if we pursue that, we end up captured by our captivation and obsession with myth and with the eternal, part of the legacy from Jung. I am interested in what difference is like, what the experience of difference is like (and how that experience is distorted in the borderline disorders). Not what a woman is, but what being a woman is like. Not the archetypal structuring of woman’s world but woman’s personal experience in today’s world. Not the meaning of a woman’s life but her experience of her life. Each person remains a ‘man’ or a ‘woman’, but what that means to each becomes immediate and relative, and hence capable of generational expansion and cultural challenge. My suggestion has been that paternal deficits constrict the expansion and truncate the challenge.

In both the collective, external debate about gender characteristics and the personal, internal debate about gender identity, the question of ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ is best left in suspension – even, and the word is used advisedly, in some confusion. ‘Gender confusion’ is a necessary antidote to gender certainty and has its own creative contribution to make. This is particularly true in the treatment of borderline disorders, as we shall see in the next chapter. For, when we consider gender and the borderline we will see how gender confusion and gender certainty can operate in isolation from each other. Inadvertently, those who propound a ‘feminine principle’ play into and replicate the dynamics of unconscious gender certainty, denying gender confusion.

It is probably fair to say that post-Jungian analytical psychology has become preoccupied with gender certainty and gender confusion in its concern with the ‘feminine principle’. Here, I am not referring to the writings on women and ‘feminine psychology’ by Jung and his early circle of followers. The problems with that body of work are well known and often repeated. But in the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the United States, women writers in analytical psychology have set out to revise, or revolutionize, the early work. Such writers are struggling to be ‘post-Jungian’ in their attempt to critique those of Jung’s ideas that seem unsatisfactory or just plain wrong without dismissing Jung altogether.

The reason why there has been a concentration on the ‘feminine principle’ in recent Jungian writing is that it has provided a means to celebrate the specificity of women’s identity, life, and experience. In addition, having the notion of a ‘feminine principle’ in mind helps to make a critique of culture out of personal confrontations with it. The basic desire of feminists who are involved in Jungian psychology has been to refuse and refute the denigration of women that is perceived in analytical psychology, to bring the feminine gender in from the condescending margins, and to promote an alternative philosophy of life to that expressed in the power institutions of a male-dominated society.

Taken as a whole, and I realize I am generalizing, feminism which draws on Jung’s ideas stands out from other varieties, with which I feel more in sympathy, in two main ways. Both of these stem from Jung’s approach, resist eradication, and cause great difficulties. It is assumed that there is something eternal about femininity and, hence, about women; that women therefore, display certain essential transcultural and ahistorical characteristics; and that these can be described in psychological terms. What is omitted is the on-going role of the prevailing culture in the construction of the ‘feminine’ and a confusion develops between what is claimed to be eternal and what is currently observed to be the case. It is here that the deadweight of the heritage of archetypal theory is felt, but as the mirror image of Jung’s problem. He assumed that there is something eternal about women and, hence, about femininity. As Young-Eisendrath (1987: 47) writes, ‘certain beliefs about difference – for example, about gender and racial differences – have influenced our thinking about the meaning of symbolic representations, behaviours, style, and manner of people who are alien to the roots of our psychology in Switzerland’. She goes on to say that we need ‘something more than maps and charts of our own design’.

I would like to say what I find problematic in the many attempts to locate eternal models or maps for the psychological activity of women in mythology and goddess imagery. When such imagery is used as a kind of role model or resource for a woman in her here-and-now pain and struggle, that is one thing. But when it is claimed that such endeavour is a reclamation of qualities and characteristics that once prevailed in human society only to be smashed by the patriarchy, then that is altogether more suspect. For it is a highly disputed point, to put it mildly, that such an era ever existed. Could this be a case of taking myth too literally? And isn’t there a hidden danger here? For if men were to claim that they are in the direct line of psychic inheritance of the characteristics and qualities of gods and heroes, then we’d end up with the status quo, with things just as they are, for they couldn’t be any other way. As far as role-modelling and resource provision goes, surely any woman, even or especially an analyst, can perform this task for another woman.

It could be argued that referring to a goddess as a role model or resource is to miss the point about what is special in a divine figure – the numinosity that attaches to such a figure and hence provides a special form of authority. I am not convinced by this argument, for any figure can constellate the kind of venerating transference that is exemplified in the mortal-divine relation. This is something well known to any and every analyst who has experienced an idealizing transference. If the numinosity is not what is specific to the goddess, then, as I suggested, it is her a-temporality, that which is claimed as eternal and absolute in her.

The search for hidden sources of authority is a project constellated by what is seen as a flawed cultural tradition. But there may also be a ‘flaw’ in the project itself, for such a search demonstrates the very sense of weakness and lack of authority which it seeks to overcome. Engaging in a rivalrous search for female archetypes could lead to a new set of restrictions on female experience, as several writers have observed (Lauter and Rupprecht 1985: 9 discuss this point in detail).

Could we try to play the feminine principle in a pragmatic and not an eternal or absolute key? If so, then its truth would be measured, in William James’s words, ‘by the extent to which it brings us into satisfactory relations with other parts of our experience’ (1911: 157). We would have to start assembling material on the experience of difference as well as on the experience of womanhood and manhood. Sociologists and academic psychologists may have done this but depth psychologists have not – or not yet. Then, in Shorter’s words, we would become less concerned with the ‘image’ of woman and more with ‘likeness’ to that image. She says: ‘Likeness is consciousness of image and its embodiment. . . . It is not a question of imitation; each person becomes in part and to the measure that he (sic) is able “like to” the image’ (Shorter 1987: 40). Or in Caroline Stevens’s words: ‘as a woman, anything I do is feminine’ (personal communication, 1987).

The second point of disagreement between feminism in analytical psychology and feminism generally has to do with the impression that much Jungian discourse on the ‘feminine’ seems directed away from political and social action. Dwelling upon interiority and feeling becomes an end in itself. So, just as middle-class Victorian women were believed to be the repository of sensibility and confined to hearth and home, in the Jungian manner of it, women in the nuclear age are meant to be mainly private creatures.

My concern is that much thinking and writing around the ‘feminine principle’ has opened a secret door into analytical psychology for the return of what is, paradoxically and ironically, an overstructured approach to psyche, heavily dependent upon abstraction and decidedly moralistic. What I’m suggesting is that much contemporary Jungian work on feminine psychology may be seen as far more of an ‘imitation of Jung’ than was consciously intended. The intention of rectifying Jung’s mistakes and prejudices has been perverted.

Trawling the recent literature, I have been struck by the massiveness of the feminine problematic, signified in numerous phrases such as: feminine elements of being, feminine modality of being, femininity of self, feminine ways of knowing, feminine authority, feminine assertion, feminine reflection, feminine dimensions of the soul, primal feminine energy pattern, feminine power, feminine response, feminine creativity, feminine mysteries, feminine body, feminine subjectivity, feminine transformation. I could have quadrupled the list; for ease of reference, I have subsumed all these terms under the general heading of the ‘feminine principle’.

Something oppressive has come into being – not, repeat not, because what is claimed as the content of the ‘feminine principle’ is oppressive but because celebrating the feminine has raised it to the status of an ego-ideal, leading to a simple and pointless reversal of power positions. Further, perhaps it is the shadow of feminism generally to make women feel inadequate when they don’t come up to its mark – or cannot emulate notable feminist figures.

GENDER, METAPHOR AND THE BODY

I would like to say a few words now about the literal and metaphoric relationships between anatomy and psychology to draw together the psychological and scientific aspects of the gender debate, and because I will be talking again about this towards the end of the chapter. A literal determinism has seduced those who seek to make a simple equation between body and psyche. We do not really know what the relationship between them is but it is probably indirect. The fact that a penis penetrates and a womb contains tells us absolutely nothing about the psychological qualities of those who actually possess such organs. One does not have to be a clinician to recognize penetrative women and receptive men – nor to conclude that psychology has projected its fantasies onto the body.

A claim is often made that a female’s body contains in it certain qualities and characteristics that lead to there being a quite specific and innate female psychology, based on the female body and quite divorced from male psychology, based on the male body. Now, as I just mentioned, there seems to be no problem with the idea that males and females have experiences of their bodies as different from the other sex’s body. But the argument that innate psychological differences between the sexes are based on the body has serious and insidious difficulties in it. It sounds so grounded, so reasonable, so common-sensical, so different from social or ideological styles of exploring gender issues. However, if psychological activity is body-based then, as body is more or less a constant over the entire history of humanity, body-based psychological theory can only support the horrendous gender situation with which we are faced just now. For, if it is body-based, how can it be altered? It must be an inevitability and we would have to agree with Stevens when he argues that ‘patriarchy is the natural condition of mankind’ (Stevens 1982: 188).

Of course, psychology cannot be split off from the body. But the link is on a deeper level even than that of anatomical or endocrinological distinctiveness. The link between psyche and body surely refers to the body as a whole – its moods and movements, its pride and shame, its rigour and its messiness. On this level, the body in question is already a psychological body, a psychesoma, an imaginal body even – providing a whole range of experiences. Sometimes, this imaginal body provides crossover experiences, ‘masculine’ for women and ‘feminine’ for men. When the link between psyche and body is envisioned in terms of the body as a whole, then whether that body is anatomically male or anatomically female is less significant. But I am not attempting to deny anyone’s experience of their body, nor to dispute the value of paying attention to the body. Indeed, the descriptions in this book of the father’s relations with his children are markedly oriented towards physical experience and activity.

Even on a literal, bodily level, recent advances in anatomical research show that things are not what they seem to be. This renders attempts to link bodily and psychological characteristics, even of a subtle and metaphorical kind, highly relative, mutable, and conditioned by the state of knowledge and belief at any one time. In her book Eve’s Secrets (1987), Lowndes engages in a comparative study of women’s and men’s sex organs. It turns out that the results of such studies depend completely upon what is compared. For instance, we usually compare penis and vagina, or penis and clitoris. But what if we compare the penis to the sum of clitoris, urethra, and vagina (the so-called CUV)? Then, according to Lowndes, the fact that the clitoris does have a much longer and deeper structure under the skin that merely culminates in the visible crown means that the female possesses an organ equal in size to the penis and composed of the same erectile material. What is more, a woman has a glans – this is not to be found on her clitoris but close by the opening of her urethra, a raised area as yet possessing no consensual medical name. Looking at the man, Lowndes points out how little is known about the inside of the penis and suggests that in the corpora cavernosa there is an area, or spot, that is as sensitive as the clitoris and performs the same functions: a male clitoris.

Lowndes has also found that men and women both have erections, though the charging with blood is visible more markedly in the male. She has also established, by means of careful test measurement, that there is a female ejaculation, composed of fluid that is neither urine nor vaginal secretion.

Anatomical differences between sex organs of men and women are, on the basis of Lowndes’s work, quite literally skin-deep. However, the point is not whether she is right or wrong about it but rather to underline the problems with regarding the body as a fixed element in a body-psyche linkage. Again, this is not to deny such a link, merely to point out the impossibility of dismissing fantasy and/or changing knowledge from our eventual conclusions.

A further instance of the psychological significance of such work is that it is not at all new. In 400 BC Hippocrates said that men and women both ejaculate. In AD 150 Galen said that the vagina and ovaries are penis and testicles ‘inside out’. In 1561 Fallopio discovered, as well as his tubes, that the clitoris has deep structures. In 1672 Regnier de Graaf looked for and found evidence of female ejaculation. It seems that what we say is the case about the body is already psychological (e.g. Freud or, indeed, Kinsey).

Why is this issue of the body as a possible base for sex-specific psychology so critical? I can give two suggestions about this. First, the whole cultural versus innate gender debate is, or has become numinous. If I have taken one side rather than advancing a multifactorial theory, this is partly because it is what I think, partly because that’s my personal style, and partly because a clash of doctrines is where the life in psychology is to be found. Again, though I think I’m right, it does not matter so much whether I am right or wrong, but whether what I am talking about can be recognized.

The second reason why the gender debate stirs us has to do with our ambivalence about our constitution, the psychological make-up that we bring into the world. On the one hand, how secure and fulfilling to know that one is quite definitely a man or a woman! I certainly feel a need for certainty and at no time do I suggest that there are no such entities as men or women. On the other hand, I am sure that anatomy is not destiny and am trying to work my resentment at the idea that it might be into a critique of those who tell me it is. There are no direct messages from the body.

Which leads back to the great problem with an overdependence in theory-making on the body’s impact on psychology. If anatomy is destiny, then nothing can be done to change the position of women. So women who base their quest for a new and positive meaning for femininity on the body inadvertently undermine their own cause. On the contrary, we know how definitions of women and men change over time. Up until the end of the eighteenth century, for instance, representations of men in literature and drama quite often had them as crying – so different from this century, in which big boys don’t cry. The body is not an icon in a vacuum.

It follows that animus and anima images are not of men and women because animus and anima qualities are ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’. No – here, for the individual woman or man, anatomy is a metaphor for the richness and potential of the ‘other’. A man will imagine what is ‘other’ to him in the symbolic form of a woman – a being with another anatomy. A woman will symbolize what is foreign to her in terms of the kind of body she does not herself have. The so-called contrasexuality is more something ‘contra-psychological’; anatomy is a metaphor for that. But anatomy is absolutely not a metaphor for any particular emotional characteristic or set of characteristics. That depends on the individual and on whatever is presently outside her or his conscious grasp and hence in need of being represented by a personification of the opposite sex. The difference between you and your animus or anima is very different from the difference between you and a man or woman. (I do realize that I am discussing animus and anima in their personified forms but I am bringing them in as illustrative of the indirect nature of the relation between body and psyche.)

What I am saying is that ‘metaphor’ can be as seductively misleading and one-sided as ‘literalism’. Sometimes, it is claimed that ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ are metaphors (you know, ‘just’ metaphors) for two distinct Weltanschauungen or the typical styles of operating of the two cerebral hemispheres. Why can’t we just talk of Weltanschauungen or just of hemispheres? When we bring in either masculinity and femininity or maleness and femaleness we are projecting a dichotomy that certainly exists in human ideation and functioning onto convenient receptors for the projections. Then the argument that masculinity and femininity should be understood nonliterally, as really having nothing to do with bodily men and bodily women in a social context, may be taken as a recognition that a projection has been made, but falling far short of a successful recollection of it, certainly as far as our culture is concerned. All the other divisions that we know about – rational/irrational, Apollonian/Dionysian, classical/romantic, digital/analogic, and so forth – all these exist in every human being. They cannot conveniently be assigned by gender (or sex), save by the kind of bifurcated projection I have depicted. Why do we make such a projection? Surely it is more than a question of language? It could be because we find difficulty in living with both sides of our murky human natures. In our borderline way, we import a degree of certainty and clarity, and hence reduce anxiety, by making the projection. Summarizing my view: it is in this projection that we find the origins of dualist ambitions to construct distinct psychologies for the two sexes and of the attempt to use ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ solely as metaphors.

The whole gender debate suggests that, as with the father’s relations to his children, we need to question whether heterosexuality itself should be taken as innate and therefore as something fundamental and beyond discussion, or whether it, too, has a nonbiological dimension. Freud’ s perception was of an innate bisexuality followed later by heterosexuality. Jung’s view was that man and woman are each incomplete without the other: heterosexuality is therefore a given. In this sense he differs from Freud’s emphasis on bisexuality as the natural state of mankind. In Freud’s approach, sexual identity arises from the enforced twin demands of reproduction and society. What I have been arguing shifts the concept of bisexuality from something undifferentiated (polymorphous or polyvalent) into a vision of there being available to all a variety of positions in relation to gender role – without recourse to the illusion of androgyny.

Feminist art critics have faced up to many of these problems concerning the body. In a critique of the relation between the biologic and the cultural, Parker and Pollock state that ‘acknowledging the importance of events of the body . . . is not reducible to biological essentialism, a facet of patriarchal ideology which supposes a primordial difference between the sexes determined by anatomical and specifically genital structures. How the body is lived and experienced is implicated at all levels in social or societally determined psychic processes’ (Parker and Pollock 1987: 29). Parker and Pollock go on to describe an art work entitled ‘Menstruation II’ by Cate Elwes. During her period, dressed in white and seated in a white, glass-fronted box, she could be watched bleeding. Questions and her answers could be written on the walls of the box. Elwes wrote, ‘The work reconstitutes menstruation as a metaphorical framework in which it becomes the medium for the expression of ideas and experience by giving it the authority of cultural form and placing it within an art context’ (quoted in Parker and Pollock 1987: 30).

If discriminations like these are not made, then those analytical psychologists who espouse the idea of innate, body-based, sex-specific psychologies, find themselves lined up with those groupings often referred to as the ‘New Right’. New Right assumptions about sex-specific psychology tend to be based on appeals to tradition and often have a romantic appeal but, as Di Statham has argued in her paper ‘Women, the new right and social work’ (1987), those working therapeutically need to be aware of the way in which the assumptions can be used to promote the notion of ‘order’ and of how women’s activities, in particular, are decisively limited.

The same point is made, with a good deal of passion, by Anne McManus in the August 1987 issue of the British feminist journal Spare Rib. She wrote:

Feminism is flowing with the rightward tide, its critical radical spirit diluted beyond recognition . . . A decisive shift came in the transformation of women’s liberation from oppression, to today’s confirmation of that oppression in a type of popular feminism which unashamedly embraces anything female. Never mind that this implies a conservative re-embracing of traditional women’s roles that the original movement was all about denouncing. Now any old gullible gush practised by women is feminist, especially if it’s emotive, and authentic (what isn’t authentic anyway at this level?), and anti-male rationality. A false dichotomy between thinking men and feeling women evacuates reason to men while women’s fates are sealed, trapped again in eternal emotionality which leaves male power safely intact. Thus women are immobilised and trivialised by their very softness and tenderness, voluntarily abdicating the dirty power struggle, and thereby the power, to those who have it.

References

James, W. (1911) Pragmatism. London: Longmans Green; Cambridhe, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Lowndes, J. (1987) Eve’s Secrets. London: Bloomsbury.

Parker, R. & Pollock, G. (1987) Framing Feminism: Art and the Women’s Movement 1970-1984. London & New York: Pandora.

Samuels, A. (1985) Jung and the Post-Jungians. London & Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Sayers, J. (1986) Sexual Contradictions: Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism. London: Tavistock.

Shorter, B. (1987) An Image Darkly Forming: Women and Initiation. London & New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Siann, G. (1985) Accounting for Aggression: Perspectives on Aggression and Violence. London & Boston: Allen & Unwin.

Statham, D. (1987) ‘Women, the new right and social work’. J. Soc. Wr. Prac. 2:4.

Stevens, A. (1982) Archetype: A Natural History of the Self. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

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The above chapter from: Samuels, A. (2014). Chapter 7. ‘Beyond The Feminine Principle’ in Passions, persons, psychotherapy, politics: the selected works of Andrew Samuels. Routledge.

Published with permission from the author.